1 10 1 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/46b042249602a4556e5b521c300b31b8.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=PFETB5SVV%7E151rdA0NMd5rQQHIBBjrHaXNr13rZ5RV4ABP9F2OwHfocGOk0-0EKaaVZ%7Eu5wzUY4kD4tuE-LmLmqgADmsUZs0XgC2D2sXHsXwG6LnIgxzsdv%7EDcS7TeuLEWsw1O3AglbeWI3UjeaHuFB%7EBhMZLOl7-tkNCV2tGgoNyaQS6sNTnleMqVa5M6jPTn3-Y8kefAorp7msvL6tq6ReNeDA1TBA%7EBgjLQq9gEXZMwvfYjrZaSmpx%7EUFBHc%7EYLA2QLgd49s7zoHIt3jY4R%7EXw2GesdSfqElIyZg-4Lh-HwkyJ5GfH-R%7EzQCg-7K4Use-X8-A9UTVyPh%7EXIFfzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2f7a236567df6dea99b32cf6109f5fb0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dreux Monument Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wally Gobetz Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/4549571145/in/photolist-cxHRHY-cxHRTs-Lae1Ut-KdvhWq-KZVV1u-KdvfNs-2gcWMLQ-KZVWfy-7W2JZP-KHX1Co-KdGEGX-KdGF24-L7mTbW-Kdvh3w-KdGFEt-L3tpb2-L7mXod-L7mWRG-L7mTK1-Kdv9uA-L7mWGU-L3to4c-KHWZzw">https://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/4549571145/in/photolist-cxHRHY-cxHRTs-Lae1Ut-KdvhWq-KZVV1u-KdvfNs-2gcWMLQ-KZVWfy-7W2JZP-KHX1Co-KdGEGX-KdGF24-L7mTbW-Kdvh3w-KdGFEt-L3tpb2-L7mXod-L7mWRG-L7mTK1-Kdv9uA-L7mWGU-L3to4c-KHWZzw</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 17, 2010 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Nicole Hallenbeck Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Description An account of the resource Photo of the Charles Didier Dreux monument prior to being vandalized. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/ffc4cdb08afdef3971b2779202bb8996.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=IsVWBuWWlQ0Mn7cg5KSAloALXQel9jnJUqtLu8twnY8f4QovlCu3alyK%7EOI1PPanHa6z%7ECx7lxtXmNI9jS17EE9SiQcRsvR9gLJQdxIV03E4vl3TkDhxGb4dmAMbD3B41srK1wmC6YkVi6zS5EEIHh9D5ytqTvu2rgrULFR%7EkMJaddGt8fPQBHOIVuFYzYLfFoYY9YEUwkDxbBmufqFDq1eXgBLHOlx7hkenW7s5w1fgbJsK%7EiW1Dfqu6uq8aG%7EEpzQOk6YDhB3-bTiDS01U4gDLjP4YkMqWgRL-wgd2VYNXoJ%7EEOXTltCiDmV7n8Zge2XXwhGA%7EGGrgUmcx47fBPQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e21674d4c3d2cebf38bc29c3078e36be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Damaged Dreux monument. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bart Everson Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/editor/26634137897/in/photolist-dTDx3u-SeTvMN-RTWmJj-Rc2NHy-ezc5p-dTDxW1-RTWgJu-Rc2Mf3-RTW6AU-dTDxDA-Rc3kUS-RTVKMq-Rc2ReA-RTXfKU-StLuAc-StKVfp-dTDwAd-ezc54-Rc39Vs-dTxU28-7CN6Pp-dTxT2i-ReF5VB-dTxU9M-StKEhZ-ezc5G-SeVjr7-Sq3SJo-ReF1wr-ReEEst-SeU2Yj-Rc3oES-dTxV3D-dTxUWr-dTDxpb-Sq3J2o-ezc4v-SeU92S-Sq41Qo-ReEzkV-Sq3ZFu-GzyVh6-2jmJ6Xk-2jmFWKC-2jmFWBg-2japgen-b9hsJc-VMuFBR-b95946-26eAeq8">https://www.flickr.com/photos/editor/26634137897/in/photolist-dTDx3u-SeTvMN-RTWmJj-Rc2NHy-ezc5p-dTDxW1-RTWgJu-Rc2Mf3-RTW6AU-dTDxDA-Rc3kUS-RTVKMq-Rc2ReA-RTXfKU-StLuAc-StKVfp-dTDwAd-ezc54-Rc39Vs-dTxU28-7CN6Pp-dTxT2i-ReF5VB-dTxU9M-StKEhZ-ezc5G-SeVjr7-Sq3SJo-ReF1wr-ReEEst-SeU2Yj-Rc3oES-dTxV3D-dTxUWr-dTDxpb-Sq3J2o-ezc4v-SeU92S-Sq41Qo-ReEzkV-Sq3ZFu-GzyVh6-2jmJ6Xk-2jmFWKC-2jmFWBg-2japgen-b9hsJc-VMuFBR-b95946-26eAeq8</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 31, 2017 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Nicole Hallenbeck Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Description An account of the resource Photo of the Charles Didier Dreux monument after being vandalized. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/6737ff402fd1f3b9204f3e03d4844a5f.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=qZODx8ruMYqOpmqiNNFpQv5YI3cAPvsNiFww5qKPm3mlMaUDdu0KRQjOBGn1oAKzrONoimULucaJIiHW7Z6cG0TjrDdNii%7EVSBhaceh3molFWPOfUNQLQDBji1NWtFuq7gKYCniG0ww9xSSQehbUj2qRcGUuj7yafflaLKUEbkACletrTZAdodjX%7EYBVyOVkv9a97NIpjTvs5n-8ZVrsHKb097jxDJ3p25m6k9Y8xzJTwlG598UHHe7ea6dKbQS7Kg45I8IPF3YeB8d2mKX1eAJPEIYKFuoo9%7EzyB5y3qfUJdYentP1TENP4WacA8NIJCd23xFNBqfQ5GHaHSuJ7Tg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b2567552edf95ea8d0ed0d4a1aab28bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource George Floyd Protest Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/49980867@N08/49977562408/in/album-72157714603030987/">https://www.flickr.com/photos/49980867@N08/49977562408/in/album-72157714603030987/</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 5, 2020 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Nicole Hallenbeck Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Description An account of the resource Photo taken at a Black Lives Matter protest in June 2020. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Cage Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource New Orleans: The Jewel of the Confederacy Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Luca Azuma, Jon Hall, Nicole Hallenbeck, Julia Vargas Description An account of the resource Overview The New Orleans Collection is a commentary on the contested legacy of the civil war, and an effort to bring to light historical evidence that is very relevant to the circumstances swirling about places of interest in the Southern United States. As the site of physical confrontations manifesting the ideological clashes of our time, the monuments here tell a story about race in America, from the ways in which they were funded and constructed to their significance as objects attempting to narrate history in the United States. Most prominent among the controversies surrounding the city's Confederate legacy was the 2017 removal of the Robert E. Lee statue following the 2015 Chaleston church shooting and the 2017 Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally. Covered closely by national media, the saga was high-stakes, from legal battles to death threats, but the Lee monument finally came down in May 2017. The Mayor of New Orleans at the time, Mitch Landrieu, accompanied the event with a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csMbjG0-6Ak" target="_blank" title=""Full speech: Mitch Landrieu addresses removal of Confederate statues"" rel="noreferrer noopener">speech</a> in which he acknowledged the city's ties to slavery and called for monuments in remembrance of the darker side of New Orleans's history to create "healing and understanding" in the community. In light of these events, our collection explores three monuments as part of the history of New Orleans: the Confederate Memorial Hall Museum, the Battle of Liberty Place monument, and the Charles Didier Dreux Monument, all of which contribute to our understanding of the Confederate legacy in the city itself and the country at large. Why New Orleans? New Orleans’ historical importance rested in its geographical location near the Mississippi River’s mouth and the Gulf of Mexico. The city’s commercial waterway accessibility thereby transformed it into a central sea-trading hub, which, throughout the Colonial and Antebellum periods of U.S. history, also made it the country’s largest slave-market. Its direct participation with and economic dependence on slavery resulted in its Civil War status as the Jewel of the Confederacy, which unified the city’s elite under a socio-political consensus. For most of that war, however, Union General Benjamin F. Butler and his forces occupied the city. That combined with Reconstruction only reinforced the elite’s Confederate sympathies and led to their adoption of the Lost Cause narrative. From the wealth acquired from the Antebellum and Gilded Age economies, they built monuments in New Orleans as totems to the Confederacy, Lost Cause, and White supremacy. The three archives in this collection all contextualize Louisiana’s history as pertinent to one’s understanding of the Confederate monuments and memorials herein. Each archive was chosen for its representation of the following: 1) removal during the post-Charlottesville protests in 2017; 2) removal sometime after 2017; and 3) not removed as of 2020. This collection thereby becomes useful for one’s knowledge of each chosen monument/memorial’s direct connection to the larger history of racism within Louisiana and the U.S. Present Controversies Activist groups in New Orleans are currently organizing to have the city remove its remaining Confederate monuments. Take ‘Em Down NOLA’s website lists Confederate monuments in New Orleans as well as parks, schools and streets named after members of the Confederacy. They also provide background information on the people the monuments are dedicated to and list their status (remaining, removed by the city, removed by protestors, etc.) Take ‘Em Down draws connections between Confederate monuments, the broader history of the Civil War, and present battles against racism and police brutality. They created a list of objectives and believe that the removal of these monuments is the first step in order for New Orleans to make reparations for its part in the slave trade. There are also groups that work in opposition to activist groups in New Orleans. The Monumental Task Committee is a tax-exempted, non-profit organization in the city that restores Confederate monuments. Their work includes the removal of graffiti from the Charles Didier Dreux monument and the Samuel Lowenberg monument after they were vandalized by protestors. However, their website does not specifically voice support for the Confederacy, merely an admiration for the city’s “world-class art.” They organized in 1989 after crowdsourcing funds to “rescue the abandoned Davis monument on Canal Street.” The volunteers survey the city to count the statues and note any that need restoration. They are currently developing a “newer and more comprehensive city-wide monument restoration plan” and a large fundraising program. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1. Robertson, Campbell. "Robert E. Lee Brought Down from Lofty 133-Year Perch." New York Times (1923-Current File), May 20, 2017. <a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2463357215?accountid=9840&pq-origsite=primo">https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/historical-newspapers/robert-e-lee-brought-down-lofty-133-year-perch/docview/2463357215/se-2?accountid=9840.</a><a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2463357215?accountid=9840&pq-origsite=primo"> </a> Duhé, Bailey J. “Decentering Whiteness and Refocusing on the Local: Reframing Debates on Confederate Monument Removal in New Orleans.” In Museum Anthropology 41, no. 2 (Fall 2018): 120-25. <a href="https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1111/muan.12184">https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1111/muan.12184</a> 2. Hunter, G. Howard. “Late to the Dance: New Orleans and the Emergence of a Confederate City.” In Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 57, no. 3 (Summer 2016): 297-322. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43916946">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43916946</a> 3. Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1999. 4. Lugo, Liza and Liza Treadwell. How Do Hurricane Katrina’s Winds Blow: Racism in 21st-Century New Orleans. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. 5. Marler, Scott P. The Merchants’ Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 6. Maxon, J. David. “‘Second Line to Bury White Supremacy’: Take ‘Em Down Nola, monument removal, and residual memory.” In the Quarterly Journal of Speech 106, no. 1 (2020): 48-71. <a href="https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1080/00335630.2019.1704428">https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1080/00335630.2019.1704428</a> 7. Powell, Lawrence N. The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012. 8. <a href="http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters">http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters</a> 9. <a href="http://monumentaltask.org/about/history/">http://monumentaltask.org/about/history/</a> Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles Didier Dreux Monument, New Orleans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Victor Holm and Albert Weiblen Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1. Ned Hemard, "Two Fallen Soldiers," New Orleans Nostalgia, New Orleans Bar Association, 2012. <a href="https://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/TwoFallenSoldiers.6-6.pdf">https://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/TwoFallenSoldiers.6-6.pdf</a> 2. Marie Simoneaux, "Statue of Confederate Officer Charles Didier Dreux Vandalized in New Orleans," The Times-Picayune, last modified July 10, 2020. <a href="https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_74136d60-dcce-5a07-b0a1-dba1fd3dcf6c.html">https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_74136d60-dcce-5a07-b0a1-dba1fd3dcf6c.html</a> 3. "2 New Orleans Statues Toppled, 1 Vandalized With Red Paint," The Washington Post, July 10, 2020. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2-new-orleans-statues-toppled-1-vandalized-with-red-paint/2020/07/10/6b583964-c2db-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2-new-orleans-statues-toppled-1-vandalized-with-red-paint/2020/07/10/6b583964-c2db-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html</a> 4. <a href="http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters">http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters</a> 5. <a href="https://louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/state-lwp%3A3503">https://louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/state-lwp%3A3503</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 5, 1922 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Nicole Hallenbeck (2020) , Zach Weisz (2021), Samuel McMillan (2023) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Granite Monument Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant New Orleans, Louisiana Description An account of the resource Charles Didier Dreux died on July 5, 1861, in Virginia at Young's Mill, the first Confederate officer to be killed in the Civil War. He was a prominent figure in New Orleans, having served in the state legislature and as a district attorney. Over thirty thousand people attended his funeral. The monument dedicated to him was unveiled on the 61st anniversary of his death in 1922. [<a href="https://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/TwoFallenSoldiers.6-6.pdf">1</a>]The first archive photo is the statue of Dreux, a marble bust that reads “His last words were ‘boys steady.’ Nobler braver never lived.” The bust portrays Dreux as a morally upright laudable individual representative of the innumerable other Confederates who would follow him in death during the Civil War. Such a representation supports the false narrative of the Lost Cause which ignores what these men were fighting for sustaining the institution of slavery and places them in a sacred space unable to be criticized or reconsidered. The second photo was taken one of the many times that this statue was spray-painted, shown here with the nose chiseled off along with a red anarchist symbol. The monument was also vandalized with expletives in June of 2017 and January/May of 2018. Protestors have also placed a white cloth with red x’s over the eyes on the monument damaging its base during this time.[<a href="https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_74136d60-dcce-5a07-b0a1-dba1fd3dcf6c.html">2</a>] It was toppled at night by a small group of people likely associated with Black Lives Matter along with monuments to John Mcdonogh and Sophie B. Wright on July 8, 2020.[3] The anger relating to these monuments stems from their association with white supremacy which negatively affects the lives of African Americans on a daily basis. The final photo in this archive was taken at a Black Lives Matter protest in New Orleans in 2020 honoring George Floyd, featuring the activist group Take ‘Em Down NOLA. This group (along with other New Orleans activists) have protested the Dreux monument many times and list it on their website along with other Confederate monuments as a symbol of white supremacy.[<a href="http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters">4</a>] NOLA discusses in detail how the history of the slave trade and racism in New Orleans are connected to police brutality and the need for the Black Lives Matter movement. This march was of significant importance to rewriting history because the protesters viewed it as a demand for change and a lesson to the government for not taking action against obvious cases of racism in the country over the years. The symbolism of the protests coupled with the acts of vandalism are viewed as honorary actions in the process of changing the systems of oppression that led to the tragic losses of life at the hands of police officers. For the people of New Orleans Dreux's life as a Confederate officer is reminiscent of the misconduct of many police officers and the continued existence of systemic oppression. 20th Century Charles Didier Dreux CSA Leaders Louisiana New Orleans Protests Sculpture