1
10
6
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05254e64aec764cc5eb61a7d85036464
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photo of the Mount Hope Memorial from Howard Lipin of the San Diego Union Tribune.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Howard Lipin
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
San Diego Union Tribune.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sean Ghafourian, Madison Hardrick
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
San Diego Union Tribune.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/dec7a0a77537906171aa044f048dfb02.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=hnMSaWFlB8rSbFb1WNuRlXCRFaPD8kz45I7Y9WrliDggFNl1Id0fpncIQ3eovJXkHoe4km84vWG2bcUcf7UVBQFn6PiDDg01-byU38z9CxeGd5vXn-CY6kc6nwMWN3uFFTktlGiTfAWcso3V1JicnVxWjoXSxEr0TzD6FxyTrhnY%7EJE%7EJz-ql3qI1Pc4mDnqprHw8CqRSWoujUlyOUCY-KnMxG1uv%7ELvBL9nwIGxv2P60j02tWxoNTAt337ewiL14UdUayGxHd9vjkrvdm9mYhVgOjWYGMpMGWw7zZCPtGpZ3V1QmJJgR6NmM16BuZ-6QNQ23ng6p6hbc1tLk-k0xQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1d7bfe5f0b597489db465d3876462fd9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photo of Vandalized Mount Hope Memorial from Kim Mathis.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Kim Mathis
Format
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JPEG
Description
An account of the resource
Photo of Vandalized Mount Hope Memorial stating "This is a monument to hatred and white supremacy." in red spray paint.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sean Ghafourian, Madison Hardrick
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Kim Mathis
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/ec79688c13d10e10d33381a4355a8247.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=t%7EyzrZ41-c6CXaWbe8LNIXqyalXL4CF99guUogtfh-tPXRjwkeUUaRDaX1bel9gPNBR1wpTAWNXhoGrfTStfGT8OP8xorFHwPdHUnS8BDHaQt6d6oNx183%7E2T9DaVWySkKnP8TKhlQ-%7EYu59tX2XxTZ5ZV6ucNb%7Ef1jL6vmtG3yOnNngJnvLt0A7G7XUPAPYZw8pqKaWbZYvPWFlPpy10-PAIICCrAQ2-nCYgSjnxlKiH-kkQ9SSDvu0e4ZYDenCnosvDrVpb5FPgmhYYdGWLThgA-OGaAu%7EnKAjHgnwDU%7Ek8Vf6nO8dfr-ATKAmyH7snqWdf22QbO041JVK5FWdZQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
cdc31bb2af384951a603b6fa7363d535
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photo of Removed Mount Hope Memorial. Courtesy of Jerry Hall.
Publisher
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Jerry Hall & Civic Archive
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sean Ghafourian, Madison Hardrick
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Description
An account of the resource
An image taken of the now removed Mount Hope Memorial's plot
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Jerry Hall & Civic Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
The Lost Cause in the Golden State: Confederate Memory in California
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Monique Garcia, Art Sotelo, Sergio Sifuentes, Sean Ghafourian, Grislean Palacios, and Madison Hardrick
Description
An account of the resource
The Lost Cause in the Golden State: Confederate Memory in California is a collection that focuses on how "Lost Cause" narrative not only has preoccupied the South but has influenced the West Coast as well. Twenty-first century California is often associated with being a blue, Democratic, and liberal state, but this masks a much more conservative past, especially in southern California, where many supporters of the Confederacy settled after the Civil War. The items in this collection examine Confederate monuments and memorials located throughout California. These range from the Robert E. Lee Giant Sequoia to the Jefferson Davis Highway plaque. Although in recent years many of these memorials have been removed, this collection presents the history of each item as a historical resource.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
History 402A 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
California
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Mount Hope Cemetery, San Diego
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sean Ghafourian, Madison Hardrick
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Erected: 1948
Removed: July 2020
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Granite
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
History 402A 2021-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
San Diego, California
Description
An account of the resource
The Mount Hope Cemetery Memorial represented the continuation of the Lost Cause legacy as it stretched into the Golden State. The memorial continued this legacy by honoring the soldiers who fought to preserve slavery. It resides in San Diego, California’s Mount Hope Cemetery, a cemetery that has been serving its community since 1869. The cemetery itself is owned by the city of San Diego therefore operating on public land. According to the city however, the plot by which the monument was located is privately owned. The owner of that plot is the Stonewall Jackson Chapter 476 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. They purchased the plot in 1905 and erected the monument in 1948. The city maintained the monument for the duration of its residency in the cemetery.
The monument appears to be made of granite. It consists of three joined blocks each with lines of text. When facing the monument, the leftmost block reads "Dedicated to Confederate Veterans and their Wives Herein Buried". The central and tallest block reads, "Stonewall Jackson Chapter 476, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Organized in 1901”. The rightmost block reads, “For their work and devotion in securing this plot and monument we lovingly remember Mattie S. Davis, Mary K. Carter, Kathryn C. Blackenburg”. The monument sat underneath the American flag, surrounded by gravestones of Confederate and Union soldiers.
A flashpoint in the Mount Hope Monument’s history occurred in the aftermath of the killings during the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. After those events a national reckoning took place over the use of Confederate monuments in public spaces. For many people, these confederate monuments represent a minimization the role slavery had in the Civil War. This minimization of slavery is believed to help contribute to the racial inequities of today. This includes monuments such as the Mount Hope Memorial. As a result, the Mount Hope Memorial faced numerous amounts of vandalism. In one instance pieces of the monument were chiseled off. In another instance the monument was painted red with the words “This is a monument to racism and white supremacy” written on it. Similarly, an effort to petition the mayor to remove the monument took place with significant support.
In July of 2020, the Mount Hope Monument was taken down at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Many assume this was in response to the growing number of vandalism occurrences. The monument is currently held in city storage. Although the monument’s fate is unknown, its presence served as a reminder for many of the continued inequities that persist in contemporary America. While others may continue to push the notion that the Confederacy fought a noble cause and for states rights, the scars of slavery continue to influence an unequal reality of racism today. Mount Hope’s Confederate Memorial reminds individuals that if this history is ignored, then individuals will take matters into their own hands.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<p>Chen, Michael. “Confederate monument removed from plot in city-owned Mount Hope Cemetery”. <em>ABC 10 News San Diego</em>. San Diego, California. 23 July. 2020. <a href="https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/confederate-monument-removed-from-plot-in-city-owned-mount-hope-cemetery">https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/confederate-monument-removed-from-plot-in-city-owned-mount-hope-cemetery</a>.<br /><br />Dotinga, Randy. “San Diego's Other Confederate Memorial Sits in a City-Owned Cemetery”. <i>Voice of San Diego</i>. San Diego, California. 18 August. 2017. <a href="https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/news/meet-s-d-s-other-confederate-memorial/">https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/news/meet-s-d-s-other-confederate-memorial/.</a><br /><br />Hall, Jerry. “Mr. Mayor, Remove Confederate Monument Celebrating Slavery from Public Mount Hope Cemetery”. <i>Change.org</i>. <a href="https://www.change.org/p/mr-mayor-remove-confederate-monument-celebrating-slavery-from-public-mt-hope-cemetery/u/27216094">https://www.change.org/p/mr-mayor-remove-confederate-monument-celebrating-slavery-from-public-mt-hope-cemetery/u/27216094</a>.<br /><br />“Mount Hope Cemetery”. <em>The City of San Diego</em>. <a href="https://www.sandiego.gov/park-and-recreation/general-info/mthope">https://www.sandiego.gov/park-and-recreation/general-info/mthope</a>.</p>
<p>Wilkens, John. “For some, Civil War furor is personal”. <i>The San Diego Union-Tribune</i>. San Diego, California. 28 June. 2015. <a href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/sdut-confederate-flag-civil-war-reaction-2015jun28-story.html">https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/sdut-confederate-flag-civil-war-reaction-2015jun28-story.html.</a></p>
Language
A language of the resource
English
20th Century
California
Cemetery
Charlottesville
Memorial
Monument
Removed
San Diego
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
United Daughters of the Confederacy
-
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12219ff6d6363914363ca9587352e174
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charlottesville "Unite the Right" Rally
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/16086041@N00" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthony Crider</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charlottesville_%22Unite_the_Right%22_Rally_(36569135876).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
12 August 2017
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Charlottesville police in tactical gear blocking off the street.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Creative Commons
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Melanie Vigil
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/47e1cd361435ceb66d87e7ae10db4a9f.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=NPTunJ5oN1aiQzQCAvvYmv-esZzEaYwiIvNBsUN32yjN0cHRbcKyh3MQ9ReBa0z6MKTDfvNZmbXrkq17m-gPcyGQiaTTcBl6ss64mNcoqTz%7EdKQKHSfbS8xr9jPw9EByY48jy9CpwoyPxLav3ZzZYHA-D0zvh1mzBhzpsaR4OZAmI5a56kqt6FWFXzb%7EPeKwTsvHPO3VeurNyR8mCoMZPkKj%7E1RQrKld4Aag8zka5o4OCSJJ3Qw5YDTLqXuspeV7wG2Wlz28p3aLsyOKmBzt6wroqOzZj-GB0vY6JX0KKDO4SXHd3zYz8W54NYC5PcSjo5pJf8wk0XhvYfAnnePVHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
3f3d3f83c17435b749c18870729b48f8
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
J.E.B. Stuart Statue on Monument Avenue
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hlj" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hal Jesperson</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_Ave_Jeb_Stuart.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
June 2009
Description
An account of the resource
Dedicated in 1907, the statue of J.E.B. Stuart was placed at the final roundabout on Monument Avenue and Lombardy Street. Originally cast by Frederick Moynihan out bronze, the monument sat atop a granite pedestal.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Wikimedia Commons
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Melanie Vigil
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/38d19a8530005cfff98e5c11cb0d5bbc.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=viddbzXP34XW3BToVnOn57OMtl1tYl2CbBbYR9gEMdW2adsYWkGO9kERuVO-L7orIQy4TPeoRLvee902feS5zRohHz358bll7Sr9apIUi-BhMsht47R2QWcVYp01Afvl9u3vupI1EuRFjFY8b7dEJIfecCGHVAsLR1LnfNS5EdCWXu1wlPduXAvsdn52PaT01A0sullNpC40iErnYHgHE9lrnKuMd2NAuI2YAyJujW0wD%7EG6Vd0LbGFAIWZtbo4h1n9v8LS59wD1etbCHJEIVDXz5mvXOhTnHQkQx5fWqQSZiMV6QkZHwX187VIY-Utc%7Emt6dtobdwT8tNLrXqNUpA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
72bcf81debd5f6f6fab0eb54e0876110
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Confederate President Jefferson Davis on Monument Avenue
Description
An account of the resource
Placed in 1907, the Jefferson Davis monument sits at the center of Monument Avenue and North Davis Street.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<p id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Falbisoner</span></p>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_avenue_richmond_virginia.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7 September 2013
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Max Bezanilla
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Wikimedia Commons
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Rise and Fall of Monument Avenue
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Yuan Chiang, Art Hernandez, Melanie Vigil, Steven Mang, Monique Garcia, Sean Ghafourian, Max Bezanilla, and Kareem Khaled.
Description
An account of the resource
This collection is on the history of Monument Avenue. Rather than focusing on each individual monument, this collection aims to present a holistic view of Monument Avenue's development and history. Monument Avenue is located in Richmond, Virginia and is an area embued with controversy due to its former status as the capital of the Confederacy. <br /><br />Richmond, Virgina is just 100 miles south of Washington DC. Following the secession of Virginia and the fall of Fort Sumter at the start of the Civil War, Richmond was designated the capitol of the Confederacy in 1861. The Civil War ended when the city fell to Union forces in April 1865 which signaled the end of the Confederate government as well as Robert E. Lee surrending his army at Appomattox Courthouse shortly after. While most government records were destoyed during the turmoil of evacuation along with a subsequent fire, the city has since become home to various monuments and museums remembering the Confederacy. <br /><br />Beggining with the dedication of the Robert E. Lee statue in 1890, and four additional monuments in the following decades, Monument Avenue quickly developed into the symbolic center of Richmond's Confederate past. Both beloved and despised by different communities of Richmond's diverse population, the battle over Monument Avenue's future continues as citizens debate the meaning and legacy of the Confederacy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Richmond, Virginia
Language
A language of the resource
English
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
3. The Impact of Charlottesville on Monument Avenue
Description
An account of the resource
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">On August 12, 2017, the “Unite the Right” rally was held by white supremacists and white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia to protest the removal of a Confederate statue of Robert E. Lee. Counter protests ensued and the protest culminated in violence which lasted for several days. The horrific violence in Charlottesville was televised and it left an enduring wound in the US and dramatically affected Monument Avenue in Richmond. Mayor Levar Stoney spoke candidly about Charlottesville and its relationship to Monument Avenue, “Let me be clear: we will not tolerate allowing these statues and their history to be used as a pretext for hate and violence, or to allow our city to be threatened by white supremacists and neo-Nazi thugs. We will protect our city and keep our residents safe.”<br /><br />In the Monument Avenue Commission Report (MAC) of July 2018, it was stated that the Richmond City Council already had plans to remove all the confederate monuments prior to the tragic events of Charlottesville which led to the creation of the MAC. Charlottesville provided Mayor Stoney and MAC with a sense of urgency to remove the monuments as stated in his response to the rally. The “Unite the Right'' rally provoked the MAC to hold a public forum in August 2017 and over 500 people attended. Discussing the matter a year after the incident, </span><a href="https://abcn.ws/2MhgFvY"><span style="font-weight:400;">ABC News</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;"> journalist Meghan Keneally interviewed Richmond residents about the impact of the protests and the violence on the city.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:400;">As of July 10, 2021, the City Council of Charlottesville, removed the statues of both Confederate Generals, Robert E. Lee, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who were the major galvanizing figures of the deadly “Unite the Right” rally. Charlottesville Mayor Nikuyah Walker said, “Taking down this statue is one small step closer to the goal of helping Charlottesville, Virginia, and America, grapple with the sin of being willing to destroy Black people for economic gain.” </span><a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/43#_ftn1"><span style="font-weight:400;">[1]</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;"> The Charlottesville’s statues of Lee and Jackson were erected in the 1920s and were celebrated with ceremonies including Confederate veteran reunions. Their erection coincided with the agenda of the South to validate the Confederacy and suppress Black communities.</span><a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/43#_ftn2"><span style="font-weight:400;">[2]</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;"> Following the “Unite the Right” public responses, the city council voted on August 20, 2017 to shroud both Lee and Jackson statues in black.</span><a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/43#_ftn3"><span style="font-weight:400;">[3]</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;"> Following the city council’s decision, both statutes were vandalized repeatedly with politically motivated graffiti.</span></p>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
"Mayor Stoney's Full Statement on Monument Avenue." Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 16, 2017. https://richmond.com/news/local/mayor-stoneys-full-statement-on-monument-avenue/article_a6cd40c3-60ea-5209-81be-dcd9f87d98d2.html.
"2018 Monument Avenue Commission Report." July 02, 2018. https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/richmond.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/9/8d/98dfbab1-3a10-52d4-ab47-f4a2d9550084/5b3a9346537e5.pdf.pdf.
Keneally, Meghan. ABC News. August 03, 2018. https://abcnews.go.com/US/richmond-addressing-debate-confederate-monuments-year-charlottesville/story?id=57009869.
“Charlottesville Removes Robert E. Lee Statue That Sparked A Deadly Rally” Ben Paviour. NPR. July 10, 2021. https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/npr/2021/07/10/1014926659/charlottesville-removes-robert-e-lee-statue-that-sparked-a-deadly-rally/
"Charlottesville's Confederate statues shrouded in black". fox5ny.com. August 24, 2017.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Melanie Vigil, Max Bezanilla, and Kareem Khaled
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Richmond, Virgina
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020-2023
19th Century
20th Century
Charlottesville
CSA Leaders
J.E.B. Stuart
Jefferson Davis
Matthew Maury
Monument Avenue
Protests
Richmond
Robert E. Lee
Sculpture
Statues
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
Virginia
-
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d1be51e470f0a8bd034d36db4617f976
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Confederate Dead Monument
Description
An account of the resource
Statue of a Confederate soldier at the University of Virginia Confederate Cemetery.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Bill McChesney
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/bsabarnowl/10897229995/in/album-72157637749439983/">Flickr</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
November 15, 2013
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sally Hy
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charlottesville: Monumental Changes
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire, Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky, Joey Baum, Julia Vargas, Sergio Sifuentes, Michael Westfall
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Charlottesville is an important location when considering the controversial topic of removing Confederate monuments. In 2017 it was the site of the Unite the Right rally, which was a rally conducted by white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Klansmen among other white nationalist groups. These groups were protesting the removal of Confederate statues following the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. Among the monuments proposed for removal were statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the statue popularly known as Johnny Reb in Charlottesville. Many other monuments across the United States came under increased criticism as well. The rally turned violent as protestors and counter-protestors clashed, leading to more than thirty injuries and one death at the hands of a self-proclaimed white supremacist. This had the opposite intended effect and led to many statues being removed from fear of continued violence in cities across the United States. Some statues, like the statue of Johnny Reb in Charlottesville, have been removed and relocated to places where they can be presented in a way that better explains their context in American history. Others, such as the Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson monuments in Charlottesville, are still being contested under Virginia state law prohibiting the removal of war memorials. This law went into effect after the statues were erected however, leading to court proceedings holding up their removal. Other monuments, like the Confederate Dead Memorial in the University of Virginia cemetery, have had no action taken against them, though it has been noted that its presence near an unmarked slave cemetery is problematic. This city alone demonstrates the different voices on both sides of the debate. Outcomes have included removal and relocation, contestation by state government, and in some instances, little action taken. The city of Charlottesville stands as a significant modern battleground over the controversial debate on the removal of Confederate monuments.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Confederate Dead Monument, Charlottesville
Description
An account of the resource
The Confederate Dead memorial in the cemetery at the University of Virginia is a large stone statue of a Confederate soldier designed by Caspar Buberl in 1893 as part of the movement to replace the temporary wooden markers with more permanent ones due to the high number of Confederate soldiers who died in the University hospital. The temporary wooden markers were created by a group of women from Charlottesville called the Ladies Confederate Memorial Association, who took down the names, states, and regiments of those who had died at the University. At the dedication ceremony for the statue, the speech included the idea that slavery had nothing to do with the causes of the Civil War, a point which Alexander Stephens had begun to speak out for following the events of the Civil War despite his Cornerstone Speech which he delivered in 1861. <br /><br />Currently, the Confederate Cemetery rests over a thousand soldiers and is located adjacent to the University Cemetery which rests the university’s former presidents, professors, and students. Found nearby the cemeteries were unmarked graves which later established the African American Cemetery and will be preserved and memorialized by the University.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Caspar Buberl
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Erected: 1893
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Sculpture
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, VA
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
“Cemetery.” UVA Reveal: <em>Augmenting the University</em>. http://reveal.scholarslab.org/cemetery (accessed December 13, 2020).
19th Century
Cemetery
Charlottesville
Common Soldier
Ladies Confederate Memorial Association
Sculpture
Virginia
-
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429cd1f8356c2801ab328c35e764db69
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"At Ready" Monument
Description
An account of the resource
Statue of "Johnny Reb" in "at ready" stance.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Billy Hathorn
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confederate_soldier_monument,_Charlottesville,_VA_IMG_4215.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
July 27, 2011
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sally Hy
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 Unported
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charlottesville: Monumental Changes
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire, Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky, Joey Baum, Julia Vargas, Sergio Sifuentes, Michael Westfall
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Charlottesville is an important location when considering the controversial topic of removing Confederate monuments. In 2017 it was the site of the Unite the Right rally, which was a rally conducted by white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Klansmen among other white nationalist groups. These groups were protesting the removal of Confederate statues following the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. Among the monuments proposed for removal were statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the statue popularly known as Johnny Reb in Charlottesville. Many other monuments across the United States came under increased criticism as well. The rally turned violent as protestors and counter-protestors clashed, leading to more than thirty injuries and one death at the hands of a self-proclaimed white supremacist. This had the opposite intended effect and led to many statues being removed from fear of continued violence in cities across the United States. Some statues, like the statue of Johnny Reb in Charlottesville, have been removed and relocated to places where they can be presented in a way that better explains their context in American history. Others, such as the Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson monuments in Charlottesville, are still being contested under Virginia state law prohibiting the removal of war memorials. This law went into effect after the statues were erected however, leading to court proceedings holding up their removal. Other monuments, like the Confederate Dead Memorial in the University of Virginia cemetery, have had no action taken against them, though it has been noted that its presence near an unmarked slave cemetery is problematic. This city alone demonstrates the different voices on both sides of the debate. Outcomes have included removal and relocation, contestation by state government, and in some instances, little action taken. The city of Charlottesville stands as a significant modern battleground over the controversial debate on the removal of Confederate monuments.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"At Ready" Confederate Soldier Monument, Charlottesville
Description
An account of the resource
“At Ready,” also popularly referred to as “Johnny Reb,” is a Confederate soldier monument in front of the Albemarle County Courthouse in Charlottesville, Virginia. The statue was unveiled in 1909 by the City of Charlottesville and the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and represents the formation of the Monticello Guard, which was a militia company started in Virginia in 1857 that joined the 19th Virginia Infantry when they seceded from the Union in 1861. The statue was also accompanied by a time capsule containing Confederate memorabilia including a roster of the Albemarle chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, a brief history of the erection of the monument, and a pamphlet containing the history of Charlottesville up until 1909. This statue is one of the many across the country removed following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, which was initially a protest against the removal of confederate monuments, but violent outbursts at the event actually helped to accelerate the movement to remove them. It was removed by unanimous vote by the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors, and it was relocated for display at the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District in Waynesboro, Virginia in September of 2020 as the first area to remove a war memorial under new Virginia State law as of July 2020.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
American Bronze Foundry Co.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1909
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Sculpture
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, VA
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
"Albemarle County Accepts Offer for At Ready and memorials at Court Square." <em>Albemarle County</em>. https://www.albemarle.org/Home/Components/News/News/108/ (accessed December 13, 2020).<br /><br />"Watch: A Virtual Tour of Charlottesville’s Johnny Reb Statue." <em>University of Virginia</em>. https://religionlab.virginia.edu/news/watch-a-virtual-tour-of-charlottesvilles-johnny-reb-statue/ (accessed December 13, 2020).<br /><br /><div class="csl-bib-body">
<div class="csl-entry">Woods, Charlotte Rene. "Albemarle County Votes to Remove Its Confederate Monuments from Court Square." <em>Charlottesville Tomorrow</em>. August 6, 2020. https://www.cvilletomorrow.org/articles/albemarle-county-votes-to-remove-its-confederate-monuments-from-court-square/ (accessed December 13, 2020).</div>
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=webpage&rft.title=Albemarle%20County%20votes%20to%20remove%20its%20Confederate%20monuments%20from%20Court%20Square&rft.description=A%20saga%20that%20began%20in%20Charlottesville%20City%20Hall%20four%20years%20ago%20is%20getting%20a%20new%20chapter%20added%20to%20it%20two%20blocks%20away%20in%20Albemarle%20County.%20Thursday%20night%2C%20followin&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvilletomorrow.org%2Farticles%2Falbemarle-county-votes-to-remove-its-confederate-monuments-from-court-square%2F"></span></div>
20th Century
Charlottesville
Common Soldier
Relocated
Sculpture
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Virginia
-
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20995385626f9f2e6809af1ccf915b21
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dedication of Thomas Stonewall Jackson Monument
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Holsinger Studio, Charlottesville, VA 1921
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Washington Post
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1921
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public Domain
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Description
An account of the resource
A photograph of the the large crowd attending the commemoration of the Stonewall Jackson monument in 1921
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charlottesville: Monumental Changes
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire, Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky, Joey Baum, Julia Vargas, Sergio Sifuentes, Michael Westfall
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Charlottesville is an important location when considering the controversial topic of removing Confederate monuments. In 2017 it was the site of the Unite the Right rally, which was a rally conducted by white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Klansmen among other white nationalist groups. These groups were protesting the removal of Confederate statues following the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. Among the monuments proposed for removal were statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the statue popularly known as Johnny Reb in Charlottesville. Many other monuments across the United States came under increased criticism as well. The rally turned violent as protestors and counter-protestors clashed, leading to more than thirty injuries and one death at the hands of a self-proclaimed white supremacist. This had the opposite intended effect and led to many statues being removed from fear of continued violence in cities across the United States. Some statues, like the statue of Johnny Reb in Charlottesville, have been removed and relocated to places where they can be presented in a way that better explains their context in American history. Others, such as the Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson monuments in Charlottesville, are still being contested under Virginia state law prohibiting the removal of war memorials. This law went into effect after the statues were erected however, leading to court proceedings holding up their removal. Other monuments, like the Confederate Dead Memorial in the University of Virginia cemetery, have had no action taken against them, though it has been noted that its presence near an unmarked slave cemetery is problematic. This city alone demonstrates the different voices on both sides of the debate. Outcomes have included removal and relocation, contestation by state government, and in some instances, little action taken. The city of Charlottesville stands as a significant modern battleground over the controversial debate on the removal of Confederate monuments.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Monument, Charlottesville
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Charles Keck
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Erected: 1921
Removed: June 2021
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire, Julia Vargas, Michael Westfall
Relation
A related resource
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Sculpture
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
“Thomas Jonathan Jackson” is an equestrian statue of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson located in Charlottesville Virginia. It was sculpted by Charles Keck as one of four monuments commissioned by Paul Goodloe McIntire from members of the National Sculpture Society, and it was erected in 1921 as a gift to the city of Charlottesville. Just like with the statue of Robert E. Lee nearby, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 as an important monument to the Confederacy. Stonewall Jackson was one of the best-known Confederate generals, behind Robert E. Lee, and he was born in what was at the time Virginia, making him an important figure in the state’s Confederate history. This statue came under fire in recent years and proposals were initiated to remove this statue, as well as the statue of Robert E. Lee. <br /><br />The removal of these monuments was blocked by Virginia’s state government under a law that protects war memorials, as well as the public outrage that led to events like the Unite the Right Rally in 2017. However, both of these statues were vandalized with graffiti reading 1619, the year that black slaves were first brought to North America, and damage was inflicted by chiseling portions of the statues in 2019. <br /><br />In 2020, the Virginia General Assembly changed a law that previously protected such monuments to now allow cities to remove or cover statues. After following the requirements of the new law, such as holding public hearings and offering the statues to historical institutions, the Charlottesville city council voted unanimously to remove the statues in June 2021. In the following month, the Robert E. Lee monument was removed with the Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson statue shortly after. The city of Charlottesville published a press release in September that offered the statues to entities interested in acquiring them. The deadline to apply was October 15, 2021, with offers being reviewed within 90 days thereafter.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:400;">Since its removal in 2021, the statue was bought by LAXART for 50,000 dollars and is scheduled to be opened in an art display with other Confederate monuments that have been acquired in an exhibition in LA. Originally slated for 2023, the exhibition and the fate of the Confederate monuments in storage are still up in the air.</span>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
“104-0251 Thomas Jonathon Jackson Sculpture.” Virginia Department of Historic Resources website. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/104-0251/
Associated Press. “Charlottesville to Remove Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson Statues on Saturday.” WSLS. WSLS 10, July 9, 2021. https://www.wsls.com/news/virginia/2021/07/09/charlottesville-to-remove-robert-e-lee-stonewall-jackson-statues-on-saturday/.
Bidgood, Jess, Matthew Bloch, Morrigan McCarthy, Liam Stack, and Wilson Andrews. “From 2017: Confederate Monuments are Coming Down Across the United States. Here’s A List.” The New York Times, August 28, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/16/us/confederate-monuments-removed.html
“City Seeks Offers to Acquire Ownership of Confederate Statues.” Charlottesville, VA, September 22, 2021. https://www.charlottesville.gov/civicalerts.aspx?aid=839.
Harte, Julia. “Charlottesville Removes Confederate Statue at Center of Deadly 2017 Protest.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, July 12, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/charlottesville-remove-confederate-statue-center-deadly-2017-protest-2021-07-10/.
Stack, Liam. “Charlottesville Confederate Statues Are Protected by State Law, Judge Rules.” The New York Times, May 1, 2019. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/charlottesville-confederate-statues.html
Bixby, Ginny. “Art or Ingots” Confederate Statues’ Fate Awaits.” The Daily Progress, July 9, 2022. Accessed November 12, 2023.
https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/government-politics/art-or-ingots-confederate-statues-fates-await/article_04dd2860-fe62-11ec-96e0-f3c89672ffdc.html#:~:text=LAXART%20reimbursed%20the%20city%20of,said%20Hamza%20Walker%2C%20LAXART%20Director.
20th Century
Charlottesville
CSA Leaders
National Register of Historic Places
Sculpture
Statues
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
Virginia
-
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a627926cdeadca0d915ca4862d5c2e81
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally
Description
An account of the resource
This photograph depicts protesters and counter protestors near the monument of Robert E Lee during a Unite the Right Rally event in 2017
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rodney Dunning
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Creative Commons
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
August 12th, 2017
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charlottesville: Monumental Changes
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire, Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky, Joey Baum, Julia Vargas, Sergio Sifuentes, Michael Westfall
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
Charlottesville is an important location when considering the controversial topic of removing Confederate monuments. In 2017 it was the site of the Unite the Right rally, which was a rally conducted by white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Klansmen among other white nationalist groups. These groups were protesting the removal of Confederate statues following the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. Among the monuments proposed for removal were statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the statue popularly known as Johnny Reb in Charlottesville. Many other monuments across the United States came under increased criticism as well. The rally turned violent as protestors and counter-protestors clashed, leading to more than thirty injuries and one death at the hands of a self-proclaimed white supremacist. This had the opposite intended effect and led to many statues being removed from fear of continued violence in cities across the United States. Some statues, like the statue of Johnny Reb in Charlottesville, have been removed and relocated to places where they can be presented in a way that better explains their context in American history. Others, such as the Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson monuments in Charlottesville, are still being contested under Virginia state law prohibiting the removal of war memorials. This law went into effect after the statues were erected however, leading to court proceedings holding up their removal. Other monuments, like the Confederate Dead Memorial in the University of Virginia cemetery, have had no action taken against them, though it has been noted that its presence near an unmarked slave cemetery is problematic. This city alone demonstrates the different voices on both sides of the debate. Outcomes have included removal and relocation, contestation by state government, and in some instances, little action taken. The city of Charlottesville stands as a significant modern battleground over the controversial debate on the removal of Confederate monuments.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Robert E. Lee Monument, Charlottesville
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Henry Shrady- Sculptor
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Erected: 1924
Removed: June 10, 2021
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Matthew Mulcaire, Joey Baum, Michael Westfall
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Sculpture
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Charlottesville, Virginia
Description
An account of the resource
This statue of Robert E. Lee was erected in 1924 in Charlottesville, Virginia in Market Street Park, which was formerly called Lee Park. It is also on the National Register of Historic Places after being listed in 1997. It is one of four statues created on commission from Paul Goodloe McIntire as a gift to the city of Charlottesville, and it was sculpted by Henry Shrady who was a member of the National Sculpture Society. This statue has also received increased criticism in the last several years through the threat of removal, as well as being the site of the Unite the Right rally in 2017. The rally was a gathering of white supremacists, KKK members, and neo-Nazi groups protesting the removal of Confederate statues. The rally turned violent when counter-protestors and protestors clashed, leading to 33 injuries and 1 death as a protestor drove his car into a crowd of counter-protestors. This came after a 2016 proposal to remove the statue in response to the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. <br /><br />However, the Virginia government canceled the removal of this statue in 2018, and attempts to cover or remove it were blocked. Despite the blocked attempts to remove the statue, there have been several acts of vandalism against both this and the Stonewall Jackson statue in Charlottesville, both with a chisel to damage the statue and with painted messages against President Trump in 2019. The statue was taken down on June 10th, 2021, being put into storage as the city's property. On October 22nd, 2021, The Jefferson School African American Heritage Center suggested that the statue should be melted down and turned into other works of art. On September 26, 2023, the lawsuit over the removal of the statue ended and the city decided to go with the suggestion to melt the statue down. <br /><br />As of October 26, 2023, the Lee statue was melted down in a private ceremony closed to the public over fear of backlash against the activists and foundry workers responsible for melting the statue. Moving forward the statue's bronze is planned to be turned into a new public art project for the city to display.
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“104-0264 Robert Edward Lee Sculpture.” Virginia Department of Historic Resources website. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/104-0264/
Bidgood, Jess, Matthew Bloch, Morrigan McCarthy, Liam Stack, and Wilson Andrews. “From 2017: Confederate Monuments are Coming Down Across the United States. Here’s A List.” The New York Times, August 28, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/16/us/confederate-monuments-removed.html
Fortin, Jacey. “The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville’s Storm.” The New York Times, August 13, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/charlottesville-rally-protest-statue.html
Laughland, Oliver. “White Nationalist Richard Spencer at Rally Over Confederate Statue’s Removal.” The Guardian, May 14, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/14/richard-spencer-white-nationalist-virginia-confederate-statue
Stack, Liam. “Charlottesville Confederate Statues Are Protected by State Law, Judge Rules.” The New York Times, May 1, 2019. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/charlottesville-confederate-statues.html
“Charlottesville Takes down Robert E Lee Statue That Sparked Rally.” BBC News, BBC, 10 July 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57788220.
Sullivan, Becky. “A Black Museum Asks to Melt Charlottesville's Robert E. Lee Statue to Create New Art.” NPR, NPR, 22 Oct. 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/10/22/1048380729/black-museum-melt-charlottesville-robert-e-lee-statue.
Neus, Nora. “Robert E Lee statue that sparked Charlottesville riot is melted down: ‘Like his face was crying.’” The Guardian, October 26, 2023. Accessed November 12, 2023.
https://amp.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/26/charlottesville-robert-e-lee-melted-confederate-statue
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Hist 402A Fall 2020-2023
20th Century
Charlottesville
City Park
CSA Leaders
Protests
Robert E. Lee
Sculpture
Statue
Unite the Right Rally
Virginia