1 10 3 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/b4144c96b7d107c32ae39d1f87b6ff65.JPG?Expires=1777507200&Signature=tGBfX5wH%7EDGpapDKHba3MVNvg2fXYqJdyoPLAMw1him-wiivAJPoR9VzEDLnn6HpHttP7cJ%7EhYe8AuoD3J%7EifIm%7EGhSnuzc%7Ehj4iRMZUXgAQZjPQ7Sjlux%7EeK3L6MdNINpddrVNklMFBG08B11n3UYoBLZcYgnL0m9I8u6n22j%7EYH2epYK%7EbohBwXX2u1XuqFE9oy8JfMSZ1VGM87Wn2LCIqjT24Jn6jwELZwGHTnQw7bsqNyEX84sHybyZQMyPkpT3KWi7AcfkLVBf%7Ev42trDliRgxI2hi1BZa0hUYa-j-kuCSy%7EP5XzpnAzVosjnMrYtXSyuiHxTqlhrQLu6VQbw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a459b93bac5f46c7a58f5de05fec08c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Photograph of J. Marion Sims statue in Central Park. Title A name given to the resource Statue of J. Marion Sims Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jim Henderson Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Wikimedia Commons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 24 May 2008 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aramis Sandoval Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jmarionsimsjeh.JPG">Public Domain</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpeg https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/7c97725bcca48cd0db09f63361b051a5.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=T9s5wF3KbQbpI%7Eggwu832fEByXPV5D%7Eqmic3ooYkuQIG0GGSypuJdHtYsbZPcP-NOTaUKa9vTcdFZXy3QHJV76WN5phTDmHadFPXQgq%7EUtKyTy20Qk0lQ7lzwen7K9CS330GeWtnhG4HwxU0Q9ycZP148sVh12hIees7ClcC%7EO4SvDWa74RRQUnTZrnp0k6pzqQ6dcjM8YD4XV2q964vuxeCun6QOsbB76OqkakRscwu%7ER08WoSgT2kg2QdC9RFlHh33uhUVRKTc85MXhUKVNVztDjyNKJXF55jkGZEyA7ph6jMv3HCjuJFnRgn82EpM1U66A3OlY0FCNXw5LePgSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 24b7a81275fe80bfbfabc67d520212b8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J. Marion Sims Description An account of the resource Photograph of an engraving of J. Marion Sims. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Photograph - William Kurtz Engraving - R. O'Brien Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Marion_Sims.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aramis Sandoval Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpeg https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/9c9a8b2992ac2d5a09d6bd76770267cc.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=mXZfbWyipPZzZg8H9pD-PJ9LAf%7E6XFLilKIOCb-GbeiVGoKvJs3RBSropApbcKFdtELtmoG7WeUTUdbn3De41cDc8DEDZpY4l4P4itdQV1aCQh6OSDvdbNvqREBrqTdC3XAuqcrmyeJ6SxjsC9m2TwLh75SXkVleHeneUTiw0WThCU%7E1K2c35YpG3vYL8veL3mRWKtt5VQ0axyvkScYwfL0NSiKHmr7eoXnlhnOfcHWldDFCHcijZJtpmS94bIf8KjiYK20-Wli29zu72msGxVVxHiVupps59IW17Giy670IOU5MHfQp6Ch6aYZYilEyf73CXwHTnNe5z7Qn%7Edjrlw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b5958745bd4a443c34f40e08c6f7356c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monument Removed Description An account of the resource Sign where the now removed J. Marion Sims statue once stood. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jay Dobkin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_to_criminal_surgeon_removed_02.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 27 September 2020 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aramis Sandoval Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpeg Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J. Marion Sims Statue, Central Park, New York City Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Aramis Sandoval, Mireya Blush Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Bronze Sculpture Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2021 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant New York City, New York Description An account of the resource James Marion Sims is most famous for his role as an innovative surgeon in the nineteenth century. Often referred to as the “father of gynecology,” Sims’ career as a surgeon gained notoriety after the successful treatment of vesicovaginal fistula through an operation.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn1">[1]</a> This breakthrough in medicine helped lead to his election as president of the American Medical Association in 1876.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn2">[2]</a> While he was an innovative doctor, the way he discovered his breakthrough treatment for vesicovaginal fistula has raised questions about his ethics as a surgeon. These concerns arose due to Sims’ use of enslaved women in surgical experiments. Sims did his first experimental vesicovaginal fistula surgery in 1845 on an enslaved woman named Lucy.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn3">[3]</a> From 1845 to 1849, Sims continued these experimental surgeries on other enslaved women in a hospital in his backyard.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn4">[4]</a> In order to practice these surgeries, Sims made arrangements with the slaveowners to lease the slaves for his experimentation. The enslaved women, unable to consent to Sims’ experimental methods, were subject to painful surgeries without anesthesia. Though use of anesthesia was still in its infancy, Sims did not use anesthesia because he believed that African American women had a higher pain tolerance than white women due to “biological” differences, on whom he would later go on to use anesthesia.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn5">[5]</a> Ideas such as this would impact the U.S. healthcare system negatively for African Americans in the future. During the Civil War, Sims, a firm believer in slavery, went to Europe to practice medicine, though his time there may have also been spent acting as an agent for the Confederacy.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn6">[6]</a> A statue dedicated to Sims was constructed in 1892 by German artist Ferdinand von Miller II and placed in a park that is now known as Bryant Park. In 1934, the statue was moved to Central Park where it stood throughout the rest of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn7">[7]</a> Sims’ use of enslaved women in his experiments brought his legacy into question after the death of counter protester Heather Heyer at the Charlottesville Unite the Right white supremacist rally in 2017. Along with other controversial statues across the nation, Sims’ statue in Central Park was removed as the result of a unanimous vote by New York City’s Public Design Commission on April 16, 2018.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn8">[8]</a> The statue was then taken down on April 17, 2018, and relocated to Sims’ burial place in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. The statue’s removal was set to be replaced by a piece known as Victory over Sims, though the COVID-19 pandemic has slowed artist Vinnie Bagwell’s progress on the project.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/58#_ftn9">[9]</a> <ol start="6"><li></li> </ol> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Strauss, “Contested Site or Reclaimed Space? Re-Membering but Not Honoring the Past on the Empty Pedestal,” History and Memory 32, no. 1 (2020): 133, https://doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.32.1.07. <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">[2]</a> “Dr. James Marion Sims Scultpture,” New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, April 16, 2018, https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=13315. <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">[3]</a> Meagan Flynn, “Statue of ‘father of Gynecology,’ Who Experimented on Enslaved Women, Removed from Central Park,” n.d., 2. <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">[4]</a> Flynn. <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5">[5]</a> Keith Wailoo, “Historical Aspects of Race and Medicine: The Case of J. Marion Sims,” JAMA 320, no. 15 (October 16, 2018): 1529, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11944. <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6">[6]</a> Strauss, “Contested Site or Reclaimed Space?,” 133. <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7">[7]</a> “Dr. James Marion Sims Scultpture.” <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8">[8]</a> Flynn, “Statue of ‘father of Gynecology,’ Who Experimented on Enslaved Women, Removed from Central Park.” <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9">[9]</a> Katie Honan, “Coronavirus Delays Replacement of Controversial Statue Removed From Central Park; J. Marion Sims Statue Was Picked to Be Replaced after the Mayor’s 2017 Initiative to Re-Examine New York City Monuments,” Wall Street Journal (Online), October 20, 2020, 2452176471, ABI/INFORM Collection; Global Newsstream, https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/coronavirus-delays-replacement-controversial/docview/2452176471/se-2?accountid=9840. 19th Century Bronze Sculpture City Park J. Marion Sims New York https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/dac97b11d5f6ef1c0a9574a002c88998.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=hIfr9q5aEAKyl-h5T426YLdiy%7EAIzAoDsE2HQWWVIOfVSaSDEMSm6IZDAz-4uXbiOsUn8WBnxyjYxUnusi7D6cweOvufk2Nb2JSVDu%7EGbKhU38so4G-hAHapcYQ4BYZBwQUf12aJQLLVmxL61YyWo24mnn%7E714ujGEc6HPquXvYK56k4opq-NK5BGijXZueTZf3ARscAKhP1C7NYItNDnydGuEdsiHH1EzWDLatWZpYaksgesEgg84XHEuT5blWpBrhjZSIQg-nqCSK%7E-R4Un6SDzNaor43wcXgHtmp0dGg5ZXVn7DKDLwhENuHI1TlpS7wkEKOHWg7kQTTClFvyaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a627926cdeadca0d915ca4862d5c2e81 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally Description An account of the resource This photograph depicts protesters and counter protestors near the monument of Robert E Lee during a Unite the Right Rally event in 2017 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodney Dunning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Creative Commons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 12th, 2017 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Mulcaire Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charlottesville: Monumental Changes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Mulcaire, Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky, Joey Baum, Julia Vargas, Sergio Sifuentes, Michael Westfall Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Charlottesville, Virginia Description An account of the resource Charlottesville is an important location when considering the controversial topic of removing Confederate monuments. In 2017 it was the site of the Unite the Right rally, which was a rally conducted by white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Klansmen among other white nationalist groups. These groups were protesting the removal of Confederate statues following the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. Among the monuments proposed for removal were statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the statue popularly known as Johnny Reb in Charlottesville. Many other monuments across the United States came under increased criticism as well. The rally turned violent as protestors and counter-protestors clashed, leading to more than thirty injuries and one death at the hands of a self-proclaimed white supremacist. This had the opposite intended effect and led to many statues being removed from fear of continued violence in cities across the United States. Some statues, like the statue of Johnny Reb in Charlottesville, have been removed and relocated to places where they can be presented in a way that better explains their context in American history. Others, such as the Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson monuments in Charlottesville, are still being contested under Virginia state law prohibiting the removal of war memorials. This law went into effect after the statues were erected however, leading to court proceedings holding up their removal. Other monuments, like the Confederate Dead Memorial in the University of Virginia cemetery, have had no action taken against them, though it has been noted that its presence near an unmarked slave cemetery is problematic. This city alone demonstrates the different voices on both sides of the debate. Outcomes have included removal and relocation, contestation by state government, and in some instances, little action taken. The city of Charlottesville stands as a significant modern battleground over the controversial debate on the removal of Confederate monuments. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert E. Lee Monument, Charlottesville Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Henry Shrady- Sculptor Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Erected: 1924 Removed: June 10, 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Mulcaire, Joey Baum, Michael Westfall Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Charlottesville, Virginia Description An account of the resource This statue of Robert E. Lee was erected in 1924 in Charlottesville, Virginia in Market Street Park, which was formerly called Lee Park. It is also on the National Register of Historic Places after being listed in 1997. It is one of four statues created on commission from Paul Goodloe McIntire as a gift to the city of Charlottesville, and it was sculpted by Henry Shrady who was a member of the National Sculpture Society. This statue has also received increased criticism in the last several years through the threat of removal, as well as being the site of the Unite the Right rally in 2017. The rally was a gathering of white supremacists, KKK members, and neo-Nazi groups protesting the removal of Confederate statues. The rally turned violent when counter-protestors and protestors clashed, leading to 33 injuries and 1 death as a protestor drove his car into a crowd of counter-protestors. This came after a 2016 proposal to remove the statue in response to the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. However, the Virginia government canceled the removal of this statue in 2018, and attempts to cover or remove it were blocked. Despite the blocked attempts to remove the statue, there have been several acts of vandalism against both this and the Stonewall Jackson statue in Charlottesville, both with a chisel to damage the statue and with painted messages against President Trump in 2019. The statue was taken down on June 10th, 2021, being put into storage as the city's property. On October 22nd, 2021, The Jefferson School African American Heritage Center suggested that the statue should be melted down and turned into other works of art. On September 26, 2023, the lawsuit over the removal of the statue ended and the city decided to go with the suggestion to melt the statue down. As of October 26, 2023, the Lee statue was melted down in a private ceremony closed to the public over fear of backlash against the activists and foundry workers responsible for melting the statue. Moving forward the statue's bronze is planned to be turned into a new public art project for the city to display. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “104-0264 Robert Edward Lee Sculpture.” Virginia Department of Historic Resources website. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/104-0264/ Bidgood, Jess, Matthew Bloch, Morrigan McCarthy, Liam Stack, and Wilson Andrews. “From 2017: Confederate Monuments are Coming Down Across the United States. Here’s A List.” The New York Times, August 28, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/16/us/confederate-monuments-removed.html Fortin, Jacey. “The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville’s Storm.” The New York Times, August 13, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/charlottesville-rally-protest-statue.html Laughland, Oliver. “White Nationalist Richard Spencer at Rally Over Confederate Statue’s Removal.” The Guardian, May 14, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/14/richard-spencer-white-nationalist-virginia-confederate-statue Stack, Liam. “Charlottesville Confederate Statues Are Protected by State Law, Judge Rules.” The New York Times, May 1, 2019. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/charlottesville-confederate-statues.html “Charlottesville Takes down Robert E Lee Statue That Sparked Rally.” BBC News, BBC, 10 July 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57788220. Sullivan, Becky. “A Black Museum Asks to Melt Charlottesville's Robert E. Lee Statue to Create New Art.” NPR, NPR, 22 Oct. 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/10/22/1048380729/black-museum-melt-charlottesville-robert-e-lee-statue. Neus, Nora. “Robert E Lee statue that sparked Charlottesville riot is melted down: ‘Like his face was crying.’” The Guardian, October 26, 2023. Accessed November 12, 2023. https://amp.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/26/charlottesville-robert-e-lee-melted-confederate-statue Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Hist 402A Fall 2020-2023 20th Century Charlottesville City Park CSA Leaders Protests Robert E. Lee Sculpture Statue Unite the Right Rally Virginia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/0fe1498b00c189a33f587004b9988728.PNG?Expires=1777507200&Signature=MSmRm7ATgasmBqApI6-1Nd6VDcnOMAvM5GHaF7t2ucLdJ1FSco7Pc1Dggb3GIHO1F7yBKJmh2Bo6kTxfz-IvpxP2JWHzcmWq6KUPcsC0PgMlrTCtJRrMcKKrG184jdTO%7E6eEs8p4alAtQtGaZ1HDgNoErJIUotJwSpc49nmjRHWivM7TZpb2cIYCl%7E%7ES54EePrd2B4zSm6ipMF8JokZsJA0jRuGArAtNVDsh5t6Od127-QkGhJRFztx%7EfxIKcSfoI%7Erk78syKMjYF35uxcH4lrFqfH8e1RW43YVgOx4Xh0P3AFyQlAq1DQOBzNsd5kJPR-md8fk8sSVcJH8QRmZmpg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 389ae5796a1fed6c73ca1959c7d4e818 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Montgomery Daughters of the Confederacy at the Old Soldiers Home Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource L. H. and J. M. Williams Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1902-11-09/ed-1/seq-16/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Williams, L. H. and J. M. Photograph. In “A Visit to Soldiers’ Home at Mountain Creek and the Work that can be Seen.” Authored by Marielou A. Corey. In the Birmingham Age-Herald (Jan. 26, 1906). In the University of Alabama Libraries. In Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. In the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26, 1906 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jon Hall Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public domain</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PNG Description An account of the resource This artifact featured the United Daughters of the Confederacy’s Montgomery chapter in front of the soldiers’ home facility’s construction. That chapter and the U.D.C. itself endorsed the sentiment Camp W. J. Hardee’s United Confederate Veterans chapter held: “the home should be built, not only for the good that it will now do, but because it would live as a monument after all the old Confederates were gone. We want the greatest good for the indigent” [1]. Hence, the Daughters subsequently coordinated with the U.C.V. and Jefferson M. Falkner, the soldiers’ home director, through fund-raising and article publishing initiatives [2]. Therein, the Daughters reinforced the South’s values of paternalism through their shared concerns for the veterans’ care and, through that framework, presented said charge as a civic matter for Alabamians. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Endnotes <ol> <li><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85044812/1896-03-04/ed-1/seq-5/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“An Important Movement By Camp Hardee, United Confederate Veterans. A Home for Old Soldiers Reported Favorably by a Committee -- Legislature to be Memorialized -- Lot for the Dead,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Mar. 4, 1896), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a></li> <li><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1902-11-09/ed-1/seq-16/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marielou A. Corey, “A Visit to Soldiers’ Home at Mountain Creek and the Work that can be Seen,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Jan. 26, 1906), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive</a>;<a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1913-11-02/ed-1/seq-21" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Chappel Cory, “Our Old Homes” and “Soldiers Home,” in “Mrs. Cory’s Report on Work of U. D. C. for the Past Year,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Nov. 2, 1913), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive</a>;<a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1906-01-31/ed-1/seq-8/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> C. C. Lovell, “Mrs. Cory’s Report Shows Continued Effort on Part of the Daughters in Aiding the Confederate Veterans,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Jan. 31, 1906), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a></li> </ol> https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/ca00edd69af3328a8f1b63d6d5f99ee2.JPG?Expires=1777507200&Signature=g80NRgChQTrAj%7ETLTJRqog%7E%7ETiuxKYMu-MTBTeUe9XFKKUSV8mpi1NzSlfcVaKBU5t-T5xbUN8z-gM66Pv%7EHwgvqghAcYXg2-0QqfxcZ434NkMGaLi8-dMlIxsLgiJf7432WPs4UXhmEtfQpQYunHnGPI21ZFVOhqJQz3ubFHrSQ2vUAfe1FAog5xnShmop9BTBoBN24d6vsZsHhRlRSfc1ggP3PPE2netXIrOIA-m%7E2m2Qd%7EWzsy0iFT2oiLun9J80SHLA81puetU6%7EYdg%7EEt4eh5IxfX-PO6UGXXbs-TZfl0z1Kk6QINBBVGgsLwDHOjlb7zduu%7EA6NK3QgnUcOQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 38b834f7bebe9361aa04f864300c4c05 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Auditorium Building at the Old Soldiers' Home Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource W. P. Thompson Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1913-08-17/ed-1/seq-23/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thompson, W. P. “Attractive Scene Around Alabama Soldiers’ Home.” Photographs. In the Birmingham Age-Herald (Aug. 17, 1913). In the University of Alabama Libraries. In Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. In the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 16, 1913 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jon Hall Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Public domain</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Description An account of the resource This artifact’s depiction of the soldiers’ home auditorium building, i.e., Memorial Hall, corresponded with the aforesaid civic focus. As historian Randall B. Rosenberg argued, events held within said building typified how “Confederate soldiers' homes were gathering places where people could congregate and reaffirm their devotion to the dear principles of the Lost Cause” [1]. Hence, why Falkner referred to that building as “the centre of the world” [2]. That perceptual centricity emboldened the “indigent” veterans toward politico-civic efficacy with their U.C.V. chapter’s resolutions about what qualified a Confederate veteran: “only those who won the encomiums of duty well done by decoration to the cause we espoused should be worthy of a cross of honor [and thus] recognized as true soldiers of the ‘Lost Cause’” [3]. Such “reaffirm[ations]” from “gathering places” consequently demonstrated how the soldiers’ home provided a physical space that the veterans and visitors imbued with the requisite milieu for “their [Lost Cause] devotion.” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Endnotes <ol><li>Randall B. Rosenberg, Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 107.</li> <li><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1902-11-09/ed-1/seq-16/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marielou A. Corey, “A Visit to Soldiers’ Home at Mountain Creek and the Work that can be Seen,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Jan. 26, 1906), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a></li> <li><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1912-10-04/ed-1/seq-11/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Veterans Elect Reunion Delegates -- Inmates of Soldiers’ Home at Mountain Creek Also Adopt Resolutions,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Oct. 4, 1912), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a></li> </ol> https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/8560764ade565b9178bc2f22375fdd43.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=ZL5dYlwOtQBoYhKU5lav%7Em-7JNLJo3GVsBikLp2vdmMafZgcmoeUgIcbB1E8o-9fo0Ug4gFpvR216oKQUgs3qJqgOiqNCssx5eJLRT5wYAFNVnZBHSdbr31Rh97-A3uyyXm8m7k3yeH9bWcwFIZT%7E1aDLkL0maLWux2FlRDXNeYzS5ydGJ%7EtPIJzUe7kh5IqktGrqjHJd3OEXaBHyru55UUsl5l8kybDU%7E7y22LleFJIko1Ysj1KBTIiSmvPVeqW1Zk2GFG6gnWwSNTygc94OlbfUBoinmdDLZs-SXKPAt3updciT-x8MNgGGQogjVrV45KPA1uGQwq0uqbuECaStg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 55c2ef8f31e878ca51fb1b3ffe844423 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flags over the Cemetery at the Confederate Memorial Park Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Stephen Conn Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/4da2ae73-2903-4085-a46d-bf53bfdef5e9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conn, J. Stephen. “Flags over the Confederate Cemetery.” Photograph. Mar. 16, 2013. In Flickr Commons.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 16, 2013 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jon Hall Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image was marked with a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="photo_license"> CC BY-NC 2.0 </a> license. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Description An account of the resource This artifact’s portrayal of the “indigent[s’]” cemetery further clarified how said imbuement remained consistent for its stakeholders. Just as the newspapers stressed that the soldiers’ home had been built from “Alabama lumber,” they similarly noted the U.D.C.’s tombstone donations as “made from A-1 Alabama white marble,” and fulfilled “[a] long neglected duty to properly place headstones” [1]. Their Alabamian material specification and invocations of “duty” reinforced how the soldiers’ home facility fit in the context of post- Reconstruction out-memorialization between the former Confederate states with their own soldiers’ homes. Hence, only “the greatest good” was sufficient for the contemporaneous stakeholders, veterans and visitors alike. Accordingly, even after the home’s closure in 1939 began its temporary obscurity, petitions from the U.D.C. and Sons of Confederate Veterans during the 1950s-60s culminated with the 1964 Civil War Centennial, during which then-Governor George Wallace and the State Legislature proclaimed that site as part of a memorial park, “a ‘shrine to the honor of Alabama’s citizens of the Confederacy’” [2]. A direct response to the Civil Rights Movement, the Legislature’s designation of the park reinforced the militarization intrinsic to the cemetery’s layout. As each tombstone had been placed in linear formation and thus situated into a company unit under Confederate flags, they were further symbolized as “soldiers of the ‘Lost Cause.’” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Endnotes <ol> <li><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1913-04-20/ed-1/seq-33/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">W. P. Thompson, “Headstones for Mountain Creek Veterans -- Full List of Men Who Have Died at Soldiers’ Home Since It Was Established, Giving Date, Age, Confederate Company, and Place of Burial,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Apr. 20, 1913), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a></li> <li><a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/1646167134?accountid=9840%20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Harry D. Butler, “Confederate Memorial Park reveals part of state’s heritage,” in the Gadsden Times (Jan. 7, 2015)</a>;<a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/412788924?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Nick Lackeos, “Confederate Memorial Park Effort Nearly Complete,” in the Montgomery Advertiser (Jan 27, 2003)</a>;<a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2155634178?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Brian Palmer and Seth F. Wesser, “The Costs of the Confederacy,” in the Smithsonian 49, no. 8 (Dec. 2018)</a>;<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/07/why-alabama-still-collecting-taxes-confederate-veterans/353094/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Adam C. Estes, “Why Alabama Is Still Collecting Taxes for Confederate Veterans,” in The Atlantic (July 20, 2011).</a></li> </ol> References <ul> <li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?72519-1/confederate-memorial-park" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“Confederate Memorial Park.” Narrated by Bill Rambo. C-SPAN. May 30, 1996.</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/134146483609037/videos/953503575080203/?__so__=channel_tab&__rv__=all_videos_card" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“Digital Walking Tour of Confederate Memorial Park.” Narrated by Calvin Chappelle. May 23, 2020. In the Confederate Memorial Park’s FaceBook.</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=confederate%20memorial%20park%2C%20marbury%2C%20alabama&co=highsm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Highsmith, Carol M. “Cemetery at Confederate Memorial Park, Marbury, Alabama.” Photographs. May 10, 2010. In the Carol M. Highsmith Archive. In the Library of Congress Digital Archive.</a></li> </ul> https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/d33822e5a3bcbde92ef05fdc5e0388e6.jpg?Expires=1777507200&Signature=M7b7Dim7DlYrNkqSb0O4pbiRXuHQZLkPcB-TKMfWMm5JO1ZEIbbPTU60mB0Ki7zmQ7G4hEw4j-lZT%7EzYXVcb5XL7p%7EftY2Vh6MXjLaVp7Q2HUvT0n8%7EeuGq-XeHnVa2F9vBedEwgUBaaD3XfpAGPyMoe4MqzJEK6ycWeLjRiydI9%7EUothlmbOVOadxkJVcqIl3Pa-O9I6vim4MoguFv3Uf1I0BaN6fkSORmInuzlHpaxbhxi3bvT-RhYH70j7gNrctPdkSihPgTugohUtGojL5KyjC6-FoHkeZ3m1w0XCIHN1xLRS%7E4zeyCBZdU0yk4tXSbwt4W4-kKUaWSxRC42jA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0c0ecf51c92158dee3c1efa836739e01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Library Entrance at the Confederate Memorial Park Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Stephen Conn Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/9384be6f-17c9-49e1-90f9-7a509e363ed3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conn, J. Stephen. “Confederate Library Entrance.” Photograph. Mar. 16, 2013. In Flickr Commons. </a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 16, 2013 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jon Hall Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This image was marked with a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="photo_license"> CC BY-NC 2.0 </a> license. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Description An account of the resource This artifact’s focus on the park’s library sign became representative of the State’s continual involvement with this memorial. Per that sign and contemporary newspaper articles, the library is under the S.C.V.’s “mainten[ance],” as sanctioned through “a formal agreement with the state,” wherein the former sells Confederate history and neo-Confederate ideological books [1]. While that is not unusual for former Confederate states and organizations, this memorial park’s peculiarity rests in its financing, i.e., earmarked from a small portion of a pension fund enshrined within the 1901 Alabama Constitution, an anomaly for which “[t]ax experts...know of no other state that still collects a tax so directly connected to the Civil War” [2]. A haunting echo of the post-Reconstruction Alabamian sentiment that “[t]he Confederate soldier and his descendants owe Captain Jefferson Falkner a debt of gratitude that can never be paid,” propositions of said tax’s removal since the early 2010s have thus far been unsuccessful due to the Legislature itself [3]. Rather than within the fund itself, the importance lies in its reinforcement of the State’s collaboration with this memorial and its stakeholders like the S.C.V. Such efforts thus allow the memorial to “live as a monument after all the old Confederates were gone” as its creators envisioned and, through it, advance the Lost Cause narrative. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Endnotes <ol> <li><a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2175026926?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Paula Horvath, “Alabama memorial brings racist history to forefront,” in the Florida Times Union (Feb. 3, 2019)</a>; <a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2155634178?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brian Palmer and Seth F. Wesser, “The Costs of the Confederacy,” in the Smithsonian 49, no. 8 (Dec. 2018).</a> </li> <li><a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/914721671/abstract/FDC6481D265A421DPQ/7?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jay Reeves, “Alabama Still Collecting Tax For Confederate Vets,” in The Culvert Chronicles 6, no. 26 (July 21, 2011)</a>; <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/07/why-alabama-still-collecting-taxes-confederate-veterans/353094/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adam C. Estes, “Why Alabama Is Still Collecting Taxes for Confederate Veterans,” in The Atlantic (July 20, 2011)</a>;<a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2150829906?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Phillip Tutor, “How the South pays (literally) for the Lost Cause,” in the TCA Regional News (Dec. 6, 2018).</a></li> <li><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038485/1905-03-19/ed-1/seq-9/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">John Purifoy, “Report of the Soldiers’ Home of This State,” in the Birmingham Age-Herald (Mar. 19, 1905), in the University of Alabama Libraries, in the Library of Congress Digital Archive</a>;<a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/878947972?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> “Taxing history in Alabama,” in the Chattanooga Times Free Press (July 25, 2011)</a>;<a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/1223689751?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> “Editorial: end special treatment,” in the Montgomery Advertiser (July 28, 2011)</a>;<a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/859433569?accountid=9840" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Tim Lockette, “Confederate history park unscathed in budget battle,” in McClatchy - Tribune Business News (Mar. 31, 2011).</a></li> </ol> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confederate Soldiers' Home and Memorial Park, Marbury, Alabama Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camp W. J. Hardee, United Confederate Veterans, no. 39; Jefferson Manly Falkner; and the Alabama State Legislature Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1902 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jon Hall Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Confederate+Memorial+Park/@32.718869,-86.4761946,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x888ebc491901d421:0x2cfc1d1a4568070a!8m2!3d32.718869!4d-86.4740059" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">437 County Road 63, Marbury, Alabama 36051</a> Description An account of the resource This archive contextualized how the Confederate Soldiers’ Home and Memorial Park at Mountain Creek, Alabama historically and contemporarily forwarded the Lost Cause narrative. However, the memorial as having been a soldiers’ home made its history a difficult one in how Confederate veterans housed there were simultaneously “indigent” and deliberate collaborators throughout said narrative's development. Accordingly, each artifact disclosed the various individual and institutional agents which comprised this memorial’s stakeholders, and how their interests became conjoined with the veterans’ in their Lost Cause memorialization. As this memorial provided those stakeholders with a milieu necessary for such action, ideas which have been transmitted across generations of Alabamians, it affirmed historian Randall B. Rosenberg’s notion of soldiers’ homes as “living monuments” still alive long after their last inmates died [1]. Just as this memorial outlived the veterans it once housed, so did their Lost Cause narrative survive into our contemporary period of history. This archive is useful for one’s understanding of what a soldiers’ home was and its significance to post-Civil War Southern ideology. Unlike other entries in the larger monument-map, this memorial housed Confederate veterans and thereby provided them with a grounding for their Lost Cause narrative. Emphasis on Alabama's natural resources within its construction directly anchored stakeholders’ identities to the soldiers' home complex itself. That process continued through the memorial park and its neo-Confederate ideology. Hence, this archive re-emphasized said “living monument” as a significant type within the larger discourse about Confederate monuments in public and U.S. history. Type The nature or genre of the resource "Living monument," i.e., soldiers' home facility; cemetery; and memorial park -- hewn logs from Chilton County, Alabama lumber; fieldstone; and A-1 Alabama white marble Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Endnote <ol><li>Randall B. Rosenberg, Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), xiii and 107.</li> </ol>References <ul><li>Blight, David W. American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013.</li> <li><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZeqbT3oGiqmw_5Ki6-c1j5kvtrVoD3I3lMrCTWh8jJg/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Confederate Soldiers' Home and Memorial Park Bibliography.</a></li> <li>Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. New York: Vintage, 2000.<a href="https://fullerton.kanopy.com/product/monumental-crossroads" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a></li> <li>Savage, Kirk. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America. New ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.</li> </ul> 20th Century Alabama Buildings Cemetery City Park Marbury United Confederate Veterans Veterans