2. Carving Stone Mountain, 1918-1972
<p>In 1914, the carving of Stone Mountain faced financial issues while turning a mountain into a memorial, William H. Terrell, an Atlanta attorney along with "the United Daughters of the Confederacy's Atlanta chapter leader Caroline Helen Jemison Plane," planned and promoted the project. In two years, the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Association (SMCMA) contracted the well-known sculptor Gutzon Borglum.<a href="http://www.jstor.org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/stable/40583695" name="_ftnref1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">[1] </a>In 1915, the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) leased the land from Samuel Venable the owner of Stone Mountain, and Borglum began the project in June 1923.[2]</p>
<p>In November 1915, Borglum traveled throughout the South, promoting the unfinished project and seeking financial support to complete it. In 1923 a group of businessmen took control of the project, creating the Stone Mountain Association. In January 1924, Borglum unveiled a partially carved head of Lee on the general's birthday in front of a multitude of about 20,000. After a falling out between Borglum and the UDC, Augustus Lukeman took over the project but could not complete it because the UDC lease ran out in 1928. The financial hurdles faced by the creators of the relief sculpture of Stone Mountain State Park were a lack of funding. On January 21, 1925, the U.S. Congress under the direction of President Calvin Coolidge authorized "the U.S. Mint's coinage of five million silver half dollars," especially created by Borglum to raise money and memorialize the engraved soldiers. Similarly, the Stone Mountain Confederate Monument Association (SMCMA) made and sold songs and poems to support the project. Besides, Borglum, the UDC, and Samuel Venable, the mountain owner, accused SMCMA of mismanagement of funds, theft, corruption, and involvement with the Ku Klux Klan.<a href="#_ftn1"><span>[3]</span></a><br /><br /><a href="#_ftnref1"><span></span></a>For the next 30 years, the memorial was incomplete, and the Venable family owned the property. By 1958, Georgia created Stone Mountain as a tourist attraction and commissioned Walter Hancock to continue the memorial's carving and create a park. George Weiblin worked to complete the carving along with Roy Faulkner as a chief carver facing extreme weather.<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson" name="_ftnref2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">[4]</a></p>
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Gutzon Borglum 1916- 1925, Augustus Luckman 1925-1928, Walker Kirkland Hancock in 1963-1972; commissioned by the United Daughters of the Confederacy
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span></span></a><a href="#_ftnref1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">[1]</a> Grace Elizabeth Hale, "Granite Stopped Time: The Stone Mountain Memorial and the Representation of White Southern Identity," <em>The Georgia Historical Quarterly, </em>82, no. 1 (1998), 22-44, <a href="http://www.jstor.org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/stable/40583695">http://www.jstor.org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/stable/40583695</a> (accessed December 10, 2020).<br /><br /></p>
<p><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson" name="_ftn2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">[2] </a>Charles Reagan Wilson, “Stone Mountain,” <em>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture,</em> 4, (2006), 264-66, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson">https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson</a> (accessed December 8, 2020), 264-66.<br /><br /></p>
<p><span>[3]</span> Grace Elizabeth Hale, <em>Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in The South, 1890-1940</em> (New York: Vintage, 1999), Kindle, 5109-5130.<br /><br /></p>
<p> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">[4] </a>Charles Reagan Wilson, “Stone Mountain,” <em>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture,</em> 4, (2006), 264-66, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson">https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469616704_wilson</a> (accessed December 8, 2020), 264-66.</p>
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1918-1972
Dominic Guerrero
English
Granite -Base Relief
Hist 402 [FALL 2020]
Stone Mountain, Georgia
Alexander H. Stephens Statue, National Statuary Hall, Washington, D.C.
<p>This marble statue depicts Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-1883), the former Vice President of the Confederate States of America. Located in the National Statuary Hall within the Congress Building in Washington, D.C., it was carved by artist Gutzon Borglum and gifted to Congress by the state of Georgia in 1927.</p>
<p>Prior to becoming Vice President of the C.S.A., Stephens served in the U.S. House of Representatives for twenty-five years, as well as the Governor of Georgia for four months before his death in 1883. He and President Jefferson Davis had their differences on many points, such as the need to secede from the Union and the issues regarded as states’ rights violations. As vice president he did his best to keep some measure of peace between the Confederacy and the United States. On March 31<sup>st</sup>, 1861, he delivered the infamous Cornerstone Speech in which he defended slavery as the ‘natural condition’ of the black race, and highlighted that black inferiority to whites was foundational to the formation of the Confederacy. His statue is one of six Confederate leaders remaining in the National Statuary Hall, while two have been removed to other locations.</p>
<p>In 2017, descendants of Stephens wrote to then-Governor Nathan Deal requesting the removal of his statue based on the rhetoric included in the Cornerstone speech. Three years later, on June 17<sup>th</sup>, 2020, partly in response to the protests for racial justice in the wake of the death of George Floyd, the Georgia Assembly filed resolution H.R. 1551, calling to replace the Stephens sculpture with one honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. Though it was filed too late to have a chance of passing before the end of the year, the hopes of its sponsors was to get the wheels turning in early 2021. A few months later in February of 2021, plans moved ahead in the Assembly to replace Stephens’ statue with one honoring the late Georgia representative and civil rights leader John Lewis. This proposal enjoyed widespread popularity throughout the state including Governor Brian Kemp, the lieutentant governor and speaker of the house.</p>
<p>On June 29<sup>th</sup>, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives voted on H.R. 3005, a bill calling for the removal of Confederate statuary from the Capitol complex, passing the House with bipartisan support, 285-120. However, the bill was not considered in the U.S. Senate despite efforts by representatives reaching out to Senate majority leader Chuck Schumer to have it expedited. Nevertheless, continued efforts to remove the Confederate statues continued in 2023, spearheaded by the Democrat members of Congress. On February 28th, 2023, California Congresswoman Barbare Lee, Mississippi Congressman Bernie Thompson, and New Jersey Senator Corey Booker reintroduced a similar measure calling for the removal of Confederate monuments in the Capitol Complex. The bicameral bill The Confederate Monument Removal Act seeks to: "To remove all statues of individuals who voluntarily served the Confederate States of America from display in the United States Capitol." If passed, the bill will remove Confederate statues in the first 120 days of the approval of the bill to their States of origin, while those statues that are not claimed by a State will fall under the care of the Architect of the Capitol, which will store the statues in a non-public location. The bill has not yet been voted on.</p>
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Gutzon Borglum
<p>“Alexander Stephens.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed November 17, 2021. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/alexander-stephens</p>
<p>“Alexander Hamilton Stephens Statue.” Architect of the Capitol. Accessed November 17, 2021. https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/alexander-hamilton-stephens</p>
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<p><span>Garriss, Kirstin. “Democrats reintroduce legislation to remove remaining Confederate statues in U.S. Capitol.” CMG Washington News Bureau, June 16, 2023. </span><span>https://www.wpxi.com/news/local/democrats-reintroduce-legislation-remove-remaining-confeder ate-statues-us-capitol/4ZOCLIYS3JEWTKMXTI46AXWSEI/</span></p>
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<p>“Hoyer, Lee, Clyburn, House Democrats Send Letter Calling for Senate Action on Legislation to Remove Hate.” Congressman Steny Hoyer, September 24, 2021. https://hoyer.house.gov/</p>
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<p><span>“Lee ,Thompson, Booker Reintroduce Bill To Remove Confederate Statues From Capital.” Congresswoman Barbara Lee 12th District of California Accessed November 14, 2023. </span><span>https://lee.house.gov/news/press-releases/lee-thompson-booker-reintroduce-bill-to-remove-conf ederate-statues-from-capitol-</span></p>
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<p>Mitchell, Tia. “House Votes to Move Georgia Statue, Other Confederate Symbols from U.S. Capitol.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 29, 2021. https://www.ajc.com/<br /><br />Reimann, Nicholas. “Plan for John Lewis Statue to Replace Confederate Vice President in U.S. Capitol Moves Forward.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, February 4, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/<br /><br />Salzer, James. “Resolution Filed to Replace Confederate VP with MLK in US Capitol.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 17, 2020. https://www.ajc.com/</p>
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1927
Jacob Sandusky, David Cantwell, Juan Garcia
Marble
English
Sculpture
HIST 402A, Fall 2020 & 2021
National Statuary Hall, Washington, D.C., United States,