1 10 3 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/c388bb094fe6a4df61be16d5829b52f3.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=Ew1kVvplsPbvF76FR0TSkb%7EtpcQl5NpNQD48Ydc-FxYsBF0jWPaoUpdkhjw-sQLLntpXxznjNwzmYRL7q7XzxW0%7Ei%7EhgNrwRWlduk6o3-WXAwYeN1-5ZnZBSH9MIQt5TIokOxLsUFLUiNjkTD%7ENqMK8qHA1qeUKJWUZrFL0iBZoWYP1QeuOsJjfbq2YZ7wrMAwk0d314n2rH0nAPZyD2eYIVFmU04kpTwT-hlxbEihwAReord%7EgLE6LKZTCZv-FlBRH83z8y%7EmQla40vW9LTO0ftDP0-Xdeh%7ElPUByBMNCN0Eb08%7E87lRFULCB06CNZBI39kVOPXwpAM4vwDicub8Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 08589324dd0de168c6557e2253430cd7 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/fdba607960710d49f683c2f89bbaef14.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=JvyTuSTOnTdUNigxzC9umOFYQLsWjLkUawSd-FUkg-D8YxJ09hGTQlbBUTRAzElfYh8lV2gDp338kCXKfUTSNeCtonDVgo53godWdKKYYu9QNpirVDTAm4G-FhcoaOH1xGjqHAPw4mo8o2cO17SiXYvEnWqXqbRaOltjHuEubUTwyFBhcMA4zQZE2w10LM6pLRThMXRGTVNCu5Pm1PafVCadE4txBUUdNfelCqBuhcU6hmn7E5IntE-gcDEarOSFhOt9MaRg96w22ipYIHTib30AcwDj1BOblLJEP5OpJfxOB7jVig22Z7GruqFoAApgkCMd53g0fCaFEs2rNnw94g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5bbab3b7acf0778a2c7fd1fedc140cbd https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/4fdf139be55194fc6beedfd02e6d35c9.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=MgWbF481z-pEaUX3FrvXs2AKgyu9-Yu-G9l0ZK51Vylhf3F6cBqWm8h4HxvVTQG4%7E0a6HiBHc1wW1rJXpb55Fxx8W9dGWnIxpLjnIS6DakzaCyEbZRf923EZuoaiIQtd9uQGllCN7z9IRqBxKJvGP8-rIMxa7qiDrex7r5H8oUkTpgvPMbdtUuBrifZVTJGBm8RCQiTPKHFCcEyPPsmAhUVrpfx8efND2nvmIqraXwqFO-ykevH5EtKBFW8Ei3qf9DXCnLqVz7czR3emH%7Ed3-eZYxsgDmhb8u9wiaP2KX48a8Bl1-TCSrAHlTjgnzC4f3-2yyf95sP7OvmK2fzS39A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b7c48708223471b8ca45eb95b40207e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Allendale Veterans Garden of Honor Subject The topic of the resource Allendale Veterans Garden of Honor, Confederate Monuments, Emancipation, Veterans Description An account of the resource The Allendale Veterans Garden of Honor consists of 9 statues of veterans who served from Allendale who had served in seven conflicts from the Civil War to the Gulf War and a statue to women's veterans.[1] Along with the statues of veterans at the center of a circle formed by the statues sits an obelisk topped with an American eagle. The focus of this entry in the archive is a sculpture including a Union soldier and Confederate soldier standing back to back with an enslaved African American child reaching for a plaque with the words "Freedom for Slaves" written on it and the date Jan 5, 1863, Allendale as pictured in the first image.[2] In 2020 with the rise of the black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in response to the deaths of George Floyd and their African Americans at the hands of police controversy grew around these statues in particular. The Michigan Association of Civil Rights Activists (MACRA) and members of BLM sought to have the statue removed due to the racist positioning of the child and the conflation of Confederate soldiers with other American veterans.[3] The Confederate soldier would be tarred and feathered by activists with a cardboard sign with “TRAITOR” written on it hanging from its neck as seen in the third image. However, in June 2021 the townships board voted to keep the statues but have a committee made to consider possible changes to the statue. For this archive, this entry shows how Confederate monuments are not purely a phenomenon of the South. Of particular interest is how the Confederate soldier is placed in the larger context of a general memorial to veterans placing Confederate soldiers who fought in rebellion against the United States alongside those who fought for the same nation. Underlying this placement is the assumption that Confederate soldiers were equally honorable as these other soldiers even as they fought not only in a rebellion but for the continuation of the institution of slavery. Such ideas being represented in a town in Michigan illustrates how the presentation of the South's role in the Civil War being commendable and worthy of memorials silences the goal of the preservation of slavery ignoring the experiences of enslaved people and the continuing obstacle of institutional racism that their descendants face. This entry is one of many that expands this archive outside the geographical confines of the South and considers the racial angle these monuments have. As can be seen by examining the archive, monuments to the Confederacy are found throughout the United States and the problem of how the Confederacy is represented and remembered is not purely a Southern issue. Implicit in these monuments is an assumption that the Confederacy fought not for slavery but for states' rights and followed in the footsteps of the Founding Fathers. This monument is obvious in its racial overtones with its placement of an enslaved child. As Kirk Savage has noted, such inclusions of African Americans at the feet of white figures removed the agency of the enslaved and represented them as in need of saving rather than recognizing their autonomy and humanity. As can be seen in this monument inherent in Confederate monuments are ahistorical claims about why secession occurred and the motivations of those who prosecuted it. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Joyce Sweers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived AAA. https://www.aaa.com/travelinfo/michigan/allendale/attractions/veterans-garden-of-honor-511608.html. Fisher, Jada. “How this Confederate soldier statue became part of a veterans memorial in Michigan.” Mlive (Michigan), July 14, 2020. https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2020/07/how-this-confederate-soldier-statue-became-part-of-a-veterans-memorial-in-michigan.html. Ambu, Kylie. “Group wants changes made to Allendale Civil War statue.” 13 On Your Side (West Michigan), June 16, 2020. https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/local/civil-war-statue-in-allendale-park-sparks-debate/69-66352a63-d5c5-4476-bad0-40db64b4f1e2. Allendale For Equality. https://allendaleforequality.org/. Tunison, John. “Confederate statue in Allendale ‘tarred and feathered’ by groups seeking removal.” Mlive (Michigan), January 8, 2021. https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2021/01/confederate-statue-in-allendale-tarred-and-feathered-by-groups-seeking-removal.html?outputType=amp&__twitter_impression=true. Savage, Kirk. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth Century America. New edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-1998 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Samuel McMillan Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Allendale, MI BLM Civil War Lost Cause Michigan Veterans https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/08154ef2700cb90be4efd3afda22b249.JPG?Expires=1790208000&Signature=bLiuaf9mwZcFpSJnH8lueq4BAMnHftUF%7E4cBxF8YW9kjReTN8OfAuuHzVAdx1Jcw8Kwz885vJVwR4Gh7-DQORdyplCn3aWtLQ1so2lTVY5fL-k74inEtOM6V95NQ09pm0txZHtoitCGutLzyKHGJw162KAE%7EhUJ8UropC4Njk6dJ7DNXeG3DoSaN-LsFoQAacDE5X6XsvwgO1LEOYclm6Aw8BdQca%7EY7SQJE5xQnI5gY1oXt20frRi7W5eUAeqQ0zwCibZ39N5iANOk2ixN%7EquvIgPYngabuKVQwVDlM471m5heOV6MyrKaHEhZSwlgNn4Lzby5fyimSNB1sJUTrdw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5d9069a6cbdfa9f42c2c84b2e268ca38 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/065ee094a80415c871b0cab8552323dd.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=hjSoWKm7ElhqFGWSjucAIGMFN6XJkufAdjvbZzdgAcnDiqZcSb2davm9PoyRN5b47BIPZL5kQnQruvzHPyZ6FyzJlt-4gEDdMbAIJe4TYc-tI8HLwhk5H46kE%7Ec5ms%7E6tuhWqVxYFz3Wvme8IdF9PrxmNPnxmXDxGxEbabwCDPB6kfUPEojYax7hURc8JFxdMJys2xgAB4Qw6C5Vbk%7EdH909hHADpSNYi7EcQAReyLc73kVjEhLcig12VDwHpBazLiqfL6aEZf87qpNsB5mbiTzRJAo1NcCc8gOyvMqDJ%7EFWGW%7EO%7EtZ1juInadC2RXBKCfxleJLpfWiwe47W7tEb6A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2244fd770d5713a9ee704dacd590383f https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/d5ea1b8182a8dcfc5825bace34fec9a8.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=u5ujOoPk96QimNuLHvbhXuqyRCS4c3Q2fvxgjcPVrYonvzDhLky2nhiRl3z-jlbwQ5E6EwS0NBNtHSOwx5bQrO6YTUko6jtuEeP7rl8nbuQEhA%7E%7ENnzk8DGUHE9aEACISdu5uVKdjN1VKD0pkuM5ysAfN2MnaVYkIS%7E1wpXpW4QIrx3JZWM%7EQniEwzi1D3Gcr2nSE6Ifkdnvtyorg7NtlRCv5ooQDibqKPTPRK%7EZKfR-XfxIIhSBEssfYktl8hQfGopr6kPFVCZDkcvtUu7Gi3BqYhD5%7ExAN1DFm-EUQuVwvc%7EVInaLuUFD6EFJsRRwKiSY2DNoQwuWenPnzPi1CiQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 49ff45e0b2ccf3f8deec4fbbed433aa9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confederate Memory in the Sunshine State Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Marbella Valeriano Garcia, Madison Hardrick, Samuel Mcmillan, Michael Westfall Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Florida Description An account of the resource Florida: Confederate Memory in the Sunshine State is a collection of monuments that contextualize the lost cause within the southernmost portion of the United States. The Lost Cause infiltrated Southern values and ways of life to support the economic structures of the South. Florida's involvement in the Civil War began with providing troops, cattle, and food supplies to the Confederacy.[1] Florida also was the site of the Battle of Olustee in Baker County, Florida. This battle was the largest on Florida soil and its aim was to control the Confederate food supply. In more recent years Florida has become one of several battlegrounds over the prevalence of Lost Cause narratives. A bill HB-7 has been passed which limits the discussion of race in K-12 education. The new legislation led to the banning of AP African American studies courses for violating the new guidelines it created.[2] Alterations to the existing curriculum included an emphasis on how slaves benefited from their work and an ending emphasis on the Ocoee massacre in which a white mob killed dozens of African American citizens to stop them from voting.[3] These changes have led to a whitewashing of the experience of enslaved people and ignored the violence African Americans faced after Reconstruction. These sorts of events represent how the Lost Cause continues to be alive and well and the monuments which this collection discusses are an integral part of the maintenance of this narrative. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1. Weitz, Seth. “Defending the Old South: The Myth of the Lost ... - Wiley Online Library.” Defending the Old South: The Myth of the Lost Cause and Political Immorality in Florida, 1865–1968, 2009. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00232.x. 2. Najarro, Ileana Florida’s. "New African American History Standards: What’s Behind the Backlash." Education Week. Accessed December 12, 2023. https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/floridas-new-african-american-history-standards-whats-behind-the-backlash/2023/07. 3. Hoffmann, Carlee, Carlee Hoffman, and Claire Strom. “A Perfect Storm: The Ocoee Riot of 1920.” The Florida Historical Quarterly 93, no. 1 (2014): 25–43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43487653. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Judah P. Benjamin Monument Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Gamble Plantation, FL Subject The topic of the resource Judah B. Benjamin, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Antebellum Architecture, Plantations, Slavery Description An account of the resource The Judah B. Benjamin Confederate Memorial was originally a 3,400-acre sugar plantation with at least 190 slaves built by Robert Gamble between 1845 and 1850.[1] Gamble was able to gain the property at no cost due to the Florida Armed Occupation and Settlement Act of 1842 which was designed to occupy areas which the indigenous Seminole people had fled to with plantations with armed militia to end any existing resistance.[2] The plantation would serve as a hiding place for Judah B. Benjamin Confederate Secretary of War as he fled from Union forces at the war's end and left the country for England where he became a prominent lawyer. The area would eventually come under the ownership of the Judah B. Benjamin chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) in 1925. The UDC later deeded the land to the State of Florida, and it is currently operated by the Division of Recreation and Parks, Department of Environmental Protection. This monument serves to drive the connection between the erection of seemingly apolitical monuments and the maintenance of a particular perception of the past. Most of the monuments in this archive are obvious in their nature as memorials but this entry serves to upend this trend and reveal the underlying reasoning for the raising of monuments to the Confederacy and its related figures. The plantation discussed here has a history that extends before and beyond the Civil War yet emphasized in its name and usage is its association with the Judah B. Benjamin and the Confederacy.[3] This is done to push the ahistorical narrative of the Lost Cause in which the Civil War in the Confederacy in a manner that ignores that slavery was the main reason the southern states seceded from the Union and presents the Confederacy as a noble entity an inheritor of the will of the Founding Fathers.[4] Slavery plays only a small role in how the plantation is presented to the public which is especially strange considering what period it is associated with in its name. The site still serves as a place for events led by the UDC who began the project of presenting the plantation as a memorial to the Confederacy rather than as a place to consider the implications of slavery and how it functioned in the United States. The value of this entry is how it illustrates the changing perception of Confederate monuments and the expansion of what can be considered a Confederate monument. What constitutes a monument is not just what it was specifically built for but how the physical entity itself is used and what historical narratives its presentation supports. This monument does not follow the models of most of the entries in this archive, most of which are structures in towns and cities specifically constructed to memorialize figures or events associated with the Confederacy. This site was built as a plantation, not a memorial yet it is used for similar ideological goals and so falls into the category of the sort of objects this archive seeks to record. It should be kept in mind this archive is not only for objects but for how these objects are used, removed, and seen by the public. Conflicting ideas of how this monument shows how all objects in this archive are neither eternal nor fixed, their continued existence dependent upon the will of the public who witness and interact with them.[5] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Gamble, enslaved workers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park. April 21, 2015. https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/JPBGamblePlantation_Approved%20Plan_April2015_5mb.pdf. Stuart, John. Society of Architectural Historians. https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/FL-01-081-0017. Sims, John. “Here’s the slave memorial I have imagined for Florida’s Gamble Plantation” Tampa Bay Times August 28, 2020. https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/2020/08/28/heres-the-slave-memorial-i-have-imaged-for-floridas-gamble-plantation-column/. Bardes, John. “‘Defend with True Hearts unto Death’: Finding Historical Meaning in Confederate Memorial Hall.” Southern Cultures 23, no. 4 (2017): 29–45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26391717. Young, James Edward. The Stages of Memory: Reflections on Memorial Art, Loss, and the Spaces Between. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2016. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1842-1845 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Samuel McMillan Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Antebellum Plantation Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402 Fall 2023 Civil War Daughters of the Confederacy Florida Judah B. Benjamin Lost Cause Plantation https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/8af38b99acc9b2104ecd06ebced9e3af.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=WLENVckAzJOyzP87bJWnBniasoT45h4sijleeR1KNIggO73geeKb3GxUwEgpSxFgUcPdXhhlol3GnZIdUGQev1YAlXh9GZ%7E6PCIZJbcwMBJ3yX6h4ednT-eFjZKvFZ2vYMlDEKYrVKjVcEFj5LcwQ2iaW5FXAXJhlMDuAZiziFkOS06TOs8115EF5HmjEFMR%7EOTF8-Ue7pmdERI8rxuHrKmmTWR4rRJ7xmmWDbjnpCkUlFHXXr7k9lCQP07u-Mx8ItMPzlNuNSwlhrVNDYF05HJUuVps0H06qUFnL8asaZUVl0MTdt11Mzfnkv8cyAe6z9ZCz%7EaKSGYWiSHMU3TQIQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b32bb91e47e3b7c3f199821b20558c51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heyward Shepherd Monument Description An account of the resource Front view of the Heyward Shepherd Monument showing the inscription. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource lcm1863 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heyward_Shepherd_Monument_-_Harpers_Ferry,_WV.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 12, 2013 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sally Hy Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 2.0 Generic Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/6ff0eee0e6acc63d8230c1c770303ee8.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=ZltiXV6fAizksnLZ2i9KQXGwnFV13NYn0M014NqaohAbfiSaMCwgHxbnWxMUz7R8tDS9FHpgKBUgrvbgiVIstHrj%7E7bQC1wpSDilL0ZxilXEOshRRlx8wTIRCK-B-MD8G%7E54rW90%7Ep%7EoqF8JLgzSC34qAe8Xf-coZa0%7E6Tzbs4nQvdG5cJJcK%7E3DaWo-xGLjIOcALeoKkhFsGBHWDKh99YfVq9PqX2Tp9U0g0ljSx9Rhw2gZq0VZWwKYH3Sovzo6wxpCtIeqbdOFM5SXksGsn7EBF-EZCi7ftRJgUDAcths5VB4d7jEfyHC15Yh93qtE47g7LXKg8Wxskd9dJoxtzg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a1f088015d0fb6b8673372265929471a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heyward Shepherd Monument 1995 Plaque Description An account of the resource The plaque added next to the Heyward Shepherd Monument after 1995. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource lcm1863 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lcd1863/9386562489/in/photolist-78ow5R-P7HysA-2hNMRaN-Qp5jk2-oa2fkT-2iNe6HY-fiGNR9-fisA1i-2gZcjy2-dceKHN-6rdBUN-6r9soB-6rdC2s-6r9shV-2bJtJow-756dRL-57QTor-2a3wodj-2shRdv-6Jh4iw-2iCwmka-2iCuXhc">Flickr</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 12, 2013 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sally Hy Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Attribution - ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/4e16bf05edf544c83cf27b0d5148db69.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=nHjgWIxgQlREvcwOB-8SUXzE84DcDEc7VsFbJMrQxqH6SwJ6wNrjol3FuORZJJrIoUoc8szQd0nPk27T-ozgwu3Leu%7EnLVW6jAg2%7EM%7ElczBROy%7EspZVEgtsQQhnWipuwc4k9uyOe6AAuJM%7E7H3szKykPL-3D3kwxYUyfJBBXZAB616jqERZbkAxe2pJItEE5TJim1niGt%7ERJh5RS4qrOw4OAMXoJTFYZj5jESE2UvXXNRsoHYx4K30n%7E5Dd36OrakdI4eH4DrW5l139ll09aBdasa30Hm44tB5vpmlb-GT78vGjuTBZCsg2rdGxpPACQqDsoDbfdzsNOXnh1C51buA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 48a59deaae98fc242280c857ad46dab6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Brown's Raid Description An account of the resource John Brown's Raid with Captain Alberts' party attacking the insurgents, showing the view of the railroad bridge, the engine-house, and the village. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95522021">Library of Congress</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 5, 1859 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sally Hy Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource No known restrictions on publication. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heyward Shepherd Monument, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sally Hy Londyn Petero Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020 HIST 402A Fall 2021 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Peter-Burghard Stone Company of Louisville Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture, Granite Boulder Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Harper's Ferry, West Virginia Description An account of the resource <p class="p1"><span class="s1">The Heyward Shepherd Monument, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia Monument commemorates Heyward Shepherd, a free African American who worked as a baggage handler for Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad. During abolitionist John Brown’s attempted slave revolt which set out to take over the Harpers Ferry Virginia United States arsenal, Heyward Shepherd was the first man killed by one of Brown’s men. The raid itself was swiftly put down by a United States Marines company. The monument was planned and intended to be a Faithful Slave Monument to claim the loyalty of slaves towards the Confederacy. Even though Shepherd was free, his death was used as rationale for perpetuating the Lost Cause narrative of the Faithful Slave. According to the doctor that attempted to treat his wounds, claimed Shepherd was looking for a missing watchman on a railroad bridge when approached by men who told him to halt. Shepherd ignored their orders, turning his back to walk away, and was shot from behind. It is not known whether Shepherd was even opposed to John Brown’s actions, however his narrative was distorted by the UDC who used Shepherd to promote their own cause. Today Heyward Shepherd’s monument remains standing as a granite boulder with an inscription near descriptive plaques.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">The monument was erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and Sons of Confederate Veterans and faced immediate challenge in 1931. The immediate reaction was a plaque created by NAACP, or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, condemning the false notion of Shepherd as a “faithful slave” just one year later. The plaque was immediately removed until 2006, which was placed at the Fort's original location. The claim of loyal and faithful slaves led to continued controversies over the monument throughout the years. In 1955 another plaque was created by the National Park Service that recorded the history of the monument as being reflective of the Lost Cause. In the 1970s, the National Park Service removed the monument for protection due to supposed construction with surrounding buildings and remained due to threats of defacement. In 1995, the plaque was on display for the public again, while in 1994 a newer plaque was created and placed next to the monument with an interpretive text, depicting the controversial history of the monument of Heyward Shepherd. Once again the plaque incited the values of the Lost Cause.</span></p> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Shackel, Paul A. "Heyward Shepherd: The Faithful Slave Memorial." <em>Historical Archaeology</em> 37, no. 3 (2003): 138-48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25617086 (accessed December 13, 2020).<br /><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Ochiai, Akiko. "Continuing Skirmishes in Harpers Ferry: Entangled Memories of Heyward Shepherd and John Brown.” <i>Japanese Journal of American Studies, </i>No. 23 (2012): 7-26.</span></p> Harpers Ferry Heyward Shepherd John Brown Lost Cause National Park Service Sons of Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy West Virginia