1 10 1 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/cfb2afff9edad191fc8727c4ee2d8a92.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=I7a8n1uPyNkbsnTG92hbPgMRYnPLtMaKfDdnjniFAbXpAZMJ4FpDnZSN5baMOvBvYTSBeMtEGr8JOAprab6ijJ4YgB9ZjEdxYqHsb4AuXUD06rbbvEOBYs80KsQEi0AUshLCuhcllErBhlrusBc8ybsyKatQe%7EP3P3Nvix2XhadQ4yj60VQar-G6std5RlLsZZxYZho8sKOZi%7EApYumhuO2NgPBq13KHNY2HSoZ0qz6lMtwPE%7E6maWNjL848PI9VLDWE-puViAR8BzZ6AW8Maci67wKJNrSkzD5SMI7fDfSFmVAM8ILAcXj0Af6rGvgyn0RubVi-WRbQkxYXtSX0Nw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c59d6bc8994c5105aeeafd9429665c2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Battle of Liberty Place Monument Description An account of the resource The Battle of Liberty Place Monument as it formerly stood on Canal Street prior to the removal in 2017 where the monument was then placed in storage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Photo taken by Michael Begley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Wikimedia Commons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Photo taken November 1st, 2010 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Luca Azuma (2020), Angela Minning (2021) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/efa67e77006df4f2b455fea4da6cdbaa.jpg?Expires=1790208000&Signature=E6MB4WIGcZpwHtBoXfrPH7a7glLo3l6fpd-Blcfpc45ERqqn9RRwCztuVuHIJLhFM0kz7uuy0oZVYoECPIQh8KdjlNjZW5guiBFMY%7EfNaro5e1WUnZauECSekM7j6iNAII48DskoHfhILv47j6RbynnhA6xC9gmIHNXAg6eBgnMCaUKytGrog1lUoQGWK68VkCgIKf64I9UMIFc0d2N7rsYhqXm7U6eDhSaqFyyPK7u6Axj7El-wnHYgyvDQJwstHLiieINwuDk8o1f13y7w74FdpKd6XdJf5LdAnSGjX6ArAukttAFKrdABmFsl9TchbKIQigCJ12OUh0EB1ZX8Xg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c231a088cd01d00813492186cb04fca5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "One side of the monument erected to race prejudice. New Orleans, Louisiana" Description An account of the resource A close-up of the monument reveals the strikingly overt language of white supremacy used here, in contrast with other monuments of this sort that typically couch this message behind a veil of Lost Cause terminology that more vaguely describes the monument as one to a just cause or those who died defending freedom, etc. Originally, no inscription was placed on the monument when it was erected in 1891. In 1932, inscriptions were added which attested to the battle's role in establishing white supremacy in the South. This inscription would be continuously rewritten with more appropriate inscriptions based upon the beliefs and philosophy of modern day New Orleans. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dorothea Lange (2020), Angela Minning (2021) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs online catalog https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017762996/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Photo Taken July, 1936 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Luca Azuma Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource New Orleans: The Jewel of the Confederacy Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Luca Azuma, Jon Hall, Nicole Hallenbeck, Julia Vargas Description An account of the resource Overview The New Orleans Collection is a commentary on the contested legacy of the civil war, and an effort to bring to light historical evidence that is very relevant to the circumstances swirling about places of interest in the Southern United States. As the site of physical confrontations manifesting the ideological clashes of our time, the monuments here tell a story about race in America, from the ways in which they were funded and constructed to their significance as objects attempting to narrate history in the United States. Most prominent among the controversies surrounding the city's Confederate legacy was the 2017 removal of the Robert E. Lee statue following the 2015 Chaleston church shooting and the 2017 Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally. Covered closely by national media, the saga was high-stakes, from legal battles to death threats, but the Lee monument finally came down in May 2017. The Mayor of New Orleans at the time, Mitch Landrieu, accompanied the event with a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csMbjG0-6Ak" target="_blank" title=""Full speech: Mitch Landrieu addresses removal of Confederate statues"" rel="noreferrer noopener">speech</a> in which he acknowledged the city's ties to slavery and called for monuments in remembrance of the darker side of New Orleans's history to create "healing and understanding" in the community. In light of these events, our collection explores three monuments as part of the history of New Orleans: the Confederate Memorial Hall Museum, the Battle of Liberty Place monument, and the Charles Didier Dreux Monument, all of which contribute to our understanding of the Confederate legacy in the city itself and the country at large. Why New Orleans? New Orleans’ historical importance rested in its geographical location near the Mississippi River’s mouth and the Gulf of Mexico. The city’s commercial waterway accessibility thereby transformed it into a central sea-trading hub, which, throughout the Colonial and Antebellum periods of U.S. history, also made it the country’s largest slave-market. Its direct participation with and economic dependence on slavery resulted in its Civil War status as the Jewel of the Confederacy, which unified the city’s elite under a socio-political consensus. For most of that war, however, Union General Benjamin F. Butler and his forces occupied the city. That combined with Reconstruction only reinforced the elite’s Confederate sympathies and led to their adoption of the Lost Cause narrative. From the wealth acquired from the Antebellum and Gilded Age economies, they built monuments in New Orleans as totems to the Confederacy, Lost Cause, and White supremacy. The three archives in this collection all contextualize Louisiana’s history as pertinent to one’s understanding of the Confederate monuments and memorials herein. Each archive was chosen for its representation of the following: 1) removal during the post-Charlottesville protests in 2017; 2) removal sometime after 2017; and 3) not removed as of 2020. This collection thereby becomes useful for one’s knowledge of each chosen monument/memorial’s direct connection to the larger history of racism within Louisiana and the U.S. Present Controversies Activist groups in New Orleans are currently organizing to have the city remove its remaining Confederate monuments. Take ‘Em Down NOLA’s website lists Confederate monuments in New Orleans as well as parks, schools and streets named after members of the Confederacy. They also provide background information on the people the monuments are dedicated to and list their status (remaining, removed by the city, removed by protestors, etc.) Take ‘Em Down draws connections between Confederate monuments, the broader history of the Civil War, and present battles against racism and police brutality. They created a list of objectives and believe that the removal of these monuments is the first step in order for New Orleans to make reparations for its part in the slave trade. There are also groups that work in opposition to activist groups in New Orleans. The Monumental Task Committee is a tax-exempted, non-profit organization in the city that restores Confederate monuments. Their work includes the removal of graffiti from the Charles Didier Dreux monument and the Samuel Lowenberg monument after they were vandalized by protestors. However, their website does not specifically voice support for the Confederacy, merely an admiration for the city’s “world-class art.” They organized in 1989 after crowdsourcing funds to “rescue the abandoned Davis monument on Canal Street.” The volunteers survey the city to count the statues and note any that need restoration. They are currently developing a “newer and more comprehensive city-wide monument restoration plan” and a large fundraising program. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1. Robertson, Campbell. "Robert E. Lee Brought Down from Lofty 133-Year Perch." New York Times (1923-Current File), May 20, 2017. <a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2463357215?accountid=9840&pq-origsite=primo">https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/historical-newspapers/robert-e-lee-brought-down-lofty-133-year-perch/docview/2463357215/se-2?accountid=9840.</a><a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/2463357215?accountid=9840&pq-origsite=primo"> </a> Duhé, Bailey J. “Decentering Whiteness and Refocusing on the Local: Reframing Debates on Confederate Monument Removal in New Orleans.” In Museum Anthropology 41, no. 2 (Fall 2018): 120-25. <a href="https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1111/muan.12184">https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1111/muan.12184</a> 2. Hunter, G. Howard. “Late to the Dance: New Orleans and the Emergence of a Confederate City.” In Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 57, no. 3 (Summer 2016): 297-322. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43916946">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43916946</a> 3. Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1999. 4. Lugo, Liza and Liza Treadwell. How Do Hurricane Katrina’s Winds Blow: Racism in 21st-Century New Orleans. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. 5. Marler, Scott P. The Merchants’ Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 6. Maxon, J. David. “‘Second Line to Bury White Supremacy’: Take ‘Em Down Nola, monument removal, and residual memory.” In the Quarterly Journal of Speech 106, no. 1 (2020): 48-71. <a href="https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1080/00335630.2019.1704428">https://doi-org.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/10.1080/00335630.2019.1704428</a> 7. Powell, Lawrence N. The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012. 8. <a href="http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters">http://takeemdownnola.org/why-it-matters</a> 9. <a href="http://monumentaltask.org/about/history/">http://monumentaltask.org/about/history/</a> Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Battle of Liberty Place Monument, New Orleans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles A. Orleans (Sculptor); The Fourteenth of September Memorial Association (Sponsor); Women's Auxiliary Committee of New Orleans (Sponsor) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <ol><li> Kendall, John. History of New Orleans, Chapter 23. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. 1922. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/KENHNO/23*.html </li> <li> Nystrom A, Justin. “Battle of Liberty Place”. 64 Parishes. Accessed November 14, 2023. <a href="https://64parishes.org/entry/battle-of-liberty-place">https://64parishes.org/entry/battle-of-liberty-place</a>. </li> <li> “General (Frederick) Ogden Drive”. New Orleans City Council Street Renaming Commission. Accessed 27 November, 2020. <a href="https://nolaccsrc.org/ogden/">https://nolaccsrc.org/ogden/</a> </li> <li> Young, Patrick. “The White League Monument at Liberty Place in New Orleans”. Blog. September 10, 2020. <a href="https://thereconstructionera.com/the-white-league-monument-at-liberty-place-in-new-orleans/">https://thereconstructionera.com/the-white-league-monument-at-liberty-place-in-new-orleans/</a> </li> <li> Chadwick, Gordon. “The Creation of the Battle of Liberty Place Monument,” New Orleans Historical. Accessed December 6, 2020. https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/150. </li> <li> Litten, Kevin. “Efforts to remove Confederate monuments in New Orleans go back decades”. The Times-Picayune. Accessed December 1, 2020. <a href="https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_752f52c2-54b1-5541-ab1d-deef8f98c95d.html">https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_752f52c2-54b1-5541-ab1d-deef8f98c95d.html</a> </li> <li> Blakemore, Erin. “New Orleans Tears Down Controversial Confederate Monuments” Smithsonian Magazine. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-orleans-tears-down-controversial-confederate-monuments-180963023/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-orleans-tears-down-controversial-confederate-monuments-180963023/</a> </li> </ol>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1891 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Luca Azuma (2020), Angela Minning (2021), Samuel McMillan (2023) Type The nature or genre of the resource Granite Sculpture Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant New Orleans, LA Description An account of the resource In mid-September of 1874, tensions boiled over in the city of New Orleans and gunshots rang out as the city, divided by the legacy of the Civil War and weary of the “carpet-baggers” and Reconstruction policies, erupted into violence.[1]The Crescent City Democratic Club, which changed its name to the Crescent City White League shortly before these events, was led by former Confederate general Frederick Ogden in their attempted coup against Governor William Kellogg, seeking to replace this Republican with the more favored loser of the election of 1872, the pro-segregation Democrat John McEnry.[2] Notably, the police force was an integrated force with white and black officers and the state militia made of up black regiments after being surrounded at the statehouse was disarmed and disbanded.[3] The coup ultimately failed with the arrival of federal troops, but the event effectively ended the strong reconstruction policy in New Orleans.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/14#_ftn3">[4]</a> In 1891, local groups including the Fourteenth of September Monument Committee (a group created specifically for this purpose) and a Women's Auxiliary Committee built the Battle of Liberty Place monument on Canal Street, commemorating this event.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/14#_ftn4">[5]</a> The monument has been removed and returned to great controversy several times, with the most recent removal in 2017 following the Charleston church shooting in 2015.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/14#_ftn5">[6]</a> What makes this monument stand out is its commemoration of an act of rebellion against the United States government outside of the Civil War and the frankness of the language on the monument itself. Most monuments in this archive were raised to figures associated with the Civil War rather than a post-war event. While its form is similar to many others, more than many other monuments it represents the direct repudiation of the Reconstruction by white Southerners. The directness of which it was used to support white supremacy can be seen in the inscription shown in the second image added in 1932 which directly celebrates the end of Reconstruction and the continuity of white supremacy.[6] This monument serves to exemplify why this archive is necessary and useful. This monument serves to illustrate a valuable point regarding all the monuments documented in this archive. As can be seen from the inscription added in 1932 these monuments are not static, but rather evolving areas where memory and history meet. What a monument means is dependent on the process of its creation and the historical context in which it is being viewed. As monuments physically chang so too do they ideologically change whether they have additions or elements removed. A monument's are not sacred or immutable and are dependent upon the will of the public to exist. The removal of this monument reveals how the narratives that these monuments support are themselves not invulnerable and can be dismantled. 19th Century Louisiana New Orleans Obelisk Reconstruction Removed