1 10 4 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/f4c8a227988aa6fc6a86fee538c1bc04.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=b0wIWm2Lf2RMAHbkoy2yA5n62qdukgV5UsBN3mMR32eIdST5asOuqS4GYtgVuElkHCAUjxk4xr1aPcUzhi-SwEn56yaiN6z1O%7EzkdAx4NLzSzlzpignTg9YWkjlxOKtKcUk9qStfzU6sAvRNBkKpzYV1DaOlWOoN2v2okdoTvW42KAzom7AwHfBDPwLsmC3-i4xye9C6k%7EyEOZnuRZnqiJaTQgI1Odd%7E-IyE2kTbG6wHSqsdmfKcrNlkbE8bWv9hXV%7Ef4uFaZnKQcdg9V8hQwBG-LlCG4xRnnc%7ErNHp157FC7RTkwiLHntQ6we9Ipbm1Mz6muh36TdL8ae2P2oGC%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e07decb97ef1355189bdc29629d06bd3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Statue of Robert E. Lee Description An account of the resource A monument to Confederate General Robert E. Lee was erected in 1890 next to a tobacco field. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cook Collection, the Valentine Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Geographic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource National Geographic Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/e4acf7c02d1737a4bbd1e75a98b48417.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=lPEvNlYXtc5KeMnwzJvUvZGDRnBCXonnN08Ay%7ESycTLNh42OZsYwiNS4NG9b2L7m0zo1IYf3ettPdFufKyhvR4IaH%7EoIc9X0yaid5gas-DFdTPiycvJ2hOrsM5Z4NYoeMrGaoCRu1fj8V0qq-0zeOtmztEKJD3787uhU72t9Da4Q9ZJ8ExPFX25ZAvfJzxdMHjhrYNZsvU0v5OuRir-4sOR9%7EYoRlxKmYlamkkf%7EJJmL6cPefo1DgDnaWLPMAQyHfaTax4hbat5n%7E3PpOczNAHiGmsyXh8k395K5HygObF3jX-%7E8VV39JUhaoyG4WZFBMb-CUEp2xyP0xLp%7EtrMxBA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f51c4c8e38f13c6f1f20caba9b62eeb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monument Avenue Postcard Description An account of the resource A postcard portrait exhibiting the appearance of Monument Avenue which demonstrates the conscious and deliberate effort on behalf of Southern whites to reinforce the Lost Cause narrative. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richmond News Factory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Wikimedia Commons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource unknown Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/5046c974ef85a0ea481009ad64b48de5.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=RRIoWXjF7H%7Edj%7EMbGhWfpeCtne3bLct4Wm6yE663j--3IVggOH4sTvtQVS%7ECfPG-H%7EiupgMIkmwEti9D29CgMIzE9p5vZ49c%7EykBCGH3EyG%7EBcRX8wNmdUCw7j2W9yl2EB9Aj1%7ES6I-vXdTuKvQix%7Eo7fVlXFFVqLofBwRbEUgAN0Wb0WuPUTZTqguWxXtS7QF9jnv4ewp4Itmmpv45TSElO3X9D66KSmGTQE45WhVCFV4wTgwjb3mhS32-3Rtt6gMmop8vKl8Hi6UQCsBBYFenM9KEjmKXe4JxN9tXUi8qaoDxYPpE2v9qhmGzLMz4Sc94R9QJKwzX7-rI2N0y7gA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 94a0424d99abdbed14affebcbdb38de5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confederate Veterans Reunion Description An account of the resource Robert E. Lee's oldest son, George Washington Custis Lee (far right), reviews a Confederate veterans' reunion parade in front of the newly inaugurated memorial to Jefferson Davis in 1907. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Geographic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 20 June 1907 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Library of Congress Relation A related resource JPG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Rise and Fall of Monument Avenue Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang, Art Hernandez, Melanie Vigil, Steven Mang, Monique Garcia, Sean Ghafourian, Max Bezanilla, and Kareem Khaled. Description An account of the resource This collection is on the history of Monument Avenue. Rather than focusing on each individual monument, this collection aims to present a holistic view of Monument Avenue's development and history. Monument Avenue is located in Richmond, Virginia and is an area embued with controversy due to its former status as the capital of the Confederacy. Richmond, Virgina is just 100 miles south of Washington DC. Following the secession of Virginia and the fall of Fort Sumter at the start of the Civil War, Richmond was designated the capitol of the Confederacy in 1861. The Civil War ended when the city fell to Union forces in April 1865 which signaled the end of the Confederate government as well as Robert E. Lee surrending his army at Appomattox Courthouse shortly after. While most government records were destoyed during the turmoil of evacuation along with a subsequent fire, the city has since become home to various monuments and museums remembering the Confederacy. Beggining with the dedication of the Robert E. Lee statue in 1890, and four additional monuments in the following decades, Monument Avenue quickly developed into the symbolic center of Richmond's Confederate past. Both beloved and despised by different communities of Richmond's diverse population, the battle over Monument Avenue's future continues as citizens debate the meaning and legacy of the Confederacy. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virginia Language A language of the resource English Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1. The Construction of Monument Avenue Description An account of the resource During the post-Civil War era, conservative Democrats in the South attempted to revive the fading passions for the Lost Cause. Robert E. Lee’s nephew, Fitzhugh Lee, led the charge to create the Lee Monument Association in 1886. In May 1890 the dedication of the Robert E. Lee monument was timed to coincide with a massive Confederate veterans’ reunion which drew fifty former Confederate generals, fifteen thousand uniformed Confederate veterans, and more than one hundred thousand onlookers. Following the dedication and placement of the Lee monument, statues to both General J.E.B Stuart and the Confederate States President Jefferson Davis followed in 1907. The monument to Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson statue was placed and dedicated in 1919, followed a decade later by the statue dedicated to Matthew Fontaine Maury. An ominous new era of white supremacy had dawned which would last for seven decades, where Edwin J. Slipek stated that Monument Avenue was “more than a Confederate Valhalla.” The construction of Monument Avenue successfully revived the Lost Cause by drawing massive support across the Southern states for whites who touted their Confederate ancestry. Growing power among Southern whites forced African Americans to endure a new kind of abuse, both socially and politically, for another six decades. The success of Monument Avenue represented one of many examples of the revival of the Lost Cause narrative. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baker, Donald P. “Richmond's Monumental Centennial Celebration;The Statue That Shaped the Grand Avenue.” The Washington Post, Washington D.C. 04 May. 1990. <a href="https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/307264035?pq-origsite=summon">https://search-proquest-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/docview/307264035?pq-origsite=summon</a> Edwards, Kathy, and Esmé Howard. “Monument Avenue: The Architecture of Consensus in the New South, 1890-1930.” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, vol. 6, 1997, pp. 92–110. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3514365. Accessed 14 Dec. 2020. <div><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514365?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514365?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents</a> Lawler, Andrew. “The Origin Story of Monument Avenue, America’s Most Controversial Street.” National Geographic. 27 Jul. 2020 <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/07/origin-story-monument-avenue-america-most-controversial-street/#close">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/07/origin-story-monument-avenue-america-most-controversial-street/#close</a> </div> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang , Monique Garcia, and Kareem Khaled Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A - Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virginia Type The nature or genre of the resource Historic Avenue with Statues Subject The topic of the resource The origin and dedication of the statues on Monument Avenue. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1929 19th Century 20th Century CSA Leaders Dedication J.E.B. Stuart Jefferson Davis Matthew Maury Monument Avenue Removed Richmond Robert E. Lee Sculpture Statues Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Virginia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/011a283cbdd18656391c160551832af5.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=j5zM7ayY2H95LI0zQLLrghcnVfnLCyJEwhuywHro1OU1j3a1DPLher%7EeiZGv4NXTosn-dgGlv8oTTLjylAiDTRV0SUz%7EP3hVnMR-ONq%7Eb-oXigyx92EyD3cErxXRrWZPMpOg8oZyeGHfJopLFs-MUgVNtGFYloHJ91av7rQEWxhAUcKrI8OJ07VXNaGwro%7E4ik3OUcGEwWSyE%7EweQVsW8TI6bBSKJbwQNOM2dCjTVlWYiYp6jvN-Y%7ErhVtgmZ8FaxCFXZY-zoixdpMpX0F4CEJbKWrfU59QQ8XLsz82pR9%7EJf%7E3sTUFknvRH-b7DMbwwyTYmym7kv0IMe7JsNX0nFg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 12219ff6d6363914363ca9587352e174 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charlottesville "Unite the Right" Rally Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/16086041@N00" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthony Crider</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charlottesville_%22Unite_the_Right%22_Rally_(36569135876).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12 August 2017 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Charlottesville, Virginia Description An account of the resource Charlottesville police in tactical gear blocking off the street. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Melanie Vigil https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/47e1cd361435ceb66d87e7ae10db4a9f.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=tm-x6GBbzJZbQ93sAfGvbfbwAkJHXmYia6KhcLndoBMYNo0qxt-o6OWvhpL6-5gyzo0U%7EQ91Q0GGubhxJcq7BQSQAedh1PrE9xxsPUWm5hbFe1QC3Uo%7EXURHGFy8eWHEPWKHFuZjqhzTBIoY6M-0GgJPgZuvDOkRCmGpJRTRv2M2gDXdJRl2Z8NxGs0oc1XWUKDBb7sq6jL2gOhUprbRwdtoJH0HLSWd1VnjMqu5ZH-sAu80FEYboPwFsKt9NgT%7EQZebgl7%7E%7EQVr9LWII7hJJ0cgQvTIPJAmZlKN-Ak0t5q3G%7Ept78Rir%7E2YWRxXHAVoIkKIKlw5NxwBUqlGEN5dRQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f3d3f83c17435b749c18870729b48f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource J.E.B. Stuart Statue on Monument Avenue Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hlj" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hal Jesperson</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_Ave_Jeb_Stuart.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 2009 Description An account of the resource Dedicated in 1907, the statue of J.E.B. Stuart was placed at the final roundabout on Monument Avenue and Lombardy Street. Originally cast by Frederick Moynihan out bronze, the monument sat atop a granite pedestal. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Wikimedia Commons Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Melanie Vigil Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/38d19a8530005cfff98e5c11cb0d5bbc.jpeg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=nMcTUi1GMFJ7Hi72eB6wQCO%7E0wVDeItZ7tGFEObyFDQHwvCM4154ysLyzcqvBmyDAnT0sM1Mhg%7EEsxg63slvFcAR7R3e4MOAHDD5ROnttNRhETy%7EFfqJXQVsIV87ieVVIJ9uDEX2Lks0S13l6lVsYGdwpprzddyh5oErtGw59oSROtrepqJQYXnxYs-ZkT5SbULj3IW-OTRCgyc6cHeKDM55ndLkBthlY8PY4hQU80RlOwlz%7EoDfPGqsAFcAjlYpvJuk%7Eu8esiMJb-B0DtLDCJcqVO8DAk%7Ei4gWreVbbHo6FQ08KX%7E4%7ErYytHSJ3RalhNSthx0Us13T%7EjeArtBjsCQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 72bcf81debd5f6f6fab0eb54e0876110 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Confederate President Jefferson Davis on Monument Avenue Description An account of the resource Placed in 1907, the Jefferson Davis monument sits at the center of Monument Avenue and North Davis Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Falbisoner Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_avenue_richmond_virginia.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7 September 2013 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Max Bezanilla Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Wikimedia Commons Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Rise and Fall of Monument Avenue Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang, Art Hernandez, Melanie Vigil, Steven Mang, Monique Garcia, Sean Ghafourian, Max Bezanilla, and Kareem Khaled. Description An account of the resource This collection is on the history of Monument Avenue. Rather than focusing on each individual monument, this collection aims to present a holistic view of Monument Avenue's development and history. Monument Avenue is located in Richmond, Virginia and is an area embued with controversy due to its former status as the capital of the Confederacy. Richmond, Virgina is just 100 miles south of Washington DC. Following the secession of Virginia and the fall of Fort Sumter at the start of the Civil War, Richmond was designated the capitol of the Confederacy in 1861. The Civil War ended when the city fell to Union forces in April 1865 which signaled the end of the Confederate government as well as Robert E. Lee surrending his army at Appomattox Courthouse shortly after. While most government records were destoyed during the turmoil of evacuation along with a subsequent fire, the city has since become home to various monuments and museums remembering the Confederacy. Beggining with the dedication of the Robert E. Lee statue in 1890, and four additional monuments in the following decades, Monument Avenue quickly developed into the symbolic center of Richmond's Confederate past. Both beloved and despised by different communities of Richmond's diverse population, the battle over Monument Avenue's future continues as citizens debate the meaning and legacy of the Confederacy. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virginia Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3. The Impact of Charlottesville on Monument Avenue Description An account of the resource On August 12, 2017, the “Unite the Right” rally was held by white supremacists and white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia to protest the removal of a Confederate statue of Robert E. Lee. Counter protests ensued and the protest culminated in violence which lasted for several days. The horrific violence in Charlottesville was televised and it left an enduring wound in the US and dramatically affected Monument Avenue in Richmond. Mayor Levar Stoney spoke candidly about Charlottesville and its relationship to Monument Avenue, “Let me be clear: we will not tolerate allowing these statues and their history to be used as a pretext for hate and violence, or to allow our city to be threatened by white supremacists and neo-Nazi thugs. We will protect our city and keep our residents safe.” In the Monument Avenue Commission Report (MAC) of July 2018, it was stated that the Richmond City Council already had plans to remove all the confederate monuments prior to the tragic events of Charlottesville which led to the creation of the MAC. Charlottesville provided Mayor Stoney and MAC with a sense of urgency to remove the monuments as stated in his response to the rally. The “Unite the Right'' rally provoked the MAC to hold a public forum in August 2017 and over 500 people attended. Discussing the matter a year after the incident, <a href="https://abcn.ws/2MhgFvY">ABC News</a> journalist Meghan Keneally interviewed Richmond residents about the impact of the protests and the violence on the city. As of July 10, 2021, the City Council of Charlottesville, removed the statues of both Confederate Generals, Robert E. Lee, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who were the major galvanizing figures of the deadly “Unite the Right” rally. Charlottesville Mayor Nikuyah Walker said, “Taking down this statue is one small step closer to the goal of helping Charlottesville, Virginia, and America, grapple with the sin of being willing to destroy Black people for economic gain.” <a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/43#_ftn1">[1]</a> The Charlottesville’s statues of Lee and Jackson were erected in the 1920s and were celebrated with ceremonies including Confederate veteran reunions. Their erection coincided with the agenda of the South to validate the Confederacy and suppress Black communities.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/43#_ftn2">[2]</a> Following the “Unite the Right” public responses, the city council voted on August 20, 2017 to shroud both Lee and Jackson statues in black.<a href="https://demo4hist402a2020fall.omeka.net/items/show/43#_ftn3">[3]</a> Following the city council’s decision, both statutes were vandalized repeatedly with politically motivated graffiti. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Mayor Stoney's Full Statement on Monument Avenue." Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 16, 2017. https://richmond.com/news/local/mayor-stoneys-full-statement-on-monument-avenue/article_a6cd40c3-60ea-5209-81be-dcd9f87d98d2.html. "2018 Monument Avenue Commission Report." July 02, 2018. https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/richmond.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/9/8d/98dfbab1-3a10-52d4-ab47-f4a2d9550084/5b3a9346537e5.pdf.pdf. Keneally, Meghan. ABC News. August 03, 2018. https://abcnews.go.com/US/richmond-addressing-debate-confederate-monuments-year-charlottesville/story?id=57009869. “Charlottesville Removes Robert E. Lee Statue That Sparked A Deadly Rally” Ben Paviour. NPR. July 10, 2021. https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/npr/2021/07/10/1014926659/charlottesville-removes-robert-e-lee-statue-that-sparked-a-deadly-rally/ "Charlottesville's Confederate statues shrouded in black". fox5ny.com. August 24, 2017. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Melanie Vigil, Max Bezanilla, and Kareem Khaled Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virgina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-2023 19th Century 20th Century Charlottesville CSA Leaders J.E.B. Stuart Jefferson Davis Matthew Maury Monument Avenue Protests Richmond Robert E. Lee Sculpture Statues Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Virginia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/31622c45f341a220c5d4a4e12e10dd84.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=jcatKYvfbejCktWp8EuytW7V6-bB0q8u-G95J2VetZb3w7uS3prPg-pko4WSO%7Ek0RClpWJGMdUCKCIn9aFJ0pRZGT0xP6Btdys81zqZeG1HH5AUjDCfiCBtInJYEL9Y6DBr6e8yrE3JZogxhVC3UUok0A8xu9vrwA8-Vz0uM8G1B6DCBTsZJbXKVRGvGtXHpUcc16TQjfCAW00DyJkIHQeRsrUyPs70t2%7EYJ74gQM46EwwNZv6Jz9%7EOHlSR2y04vnYYwFKx-siKG-R%7ES7sugbJ4xXQImYa5wyMijbpczKAuApPd%7E6GJs4a9pum7eUE378K1deEXtmOWc9nXoMmR%7E1g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8e2f73c0023438de8be0585634b3e7ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vacant Vandalized Pedestal of Jefferson Davis Description An account of the resource Jefferson Davis memorial as it stands on July 1, 2020 following the protests over the death of George Floyd and the removal of the Davis statue on June 10, 2020 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mk17b, Photographer Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Davis_Memorial_Removed.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1 July 2020 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monique Garcia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/6bf3a3385b77f2baa6d08e5eadf0810e.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=I7vib3fXNKwoArVTSWCToeMmSSyZ9AWFA0iEhPNSEEtp2NJmKzDhu7H2KavHEXQa9QhCwSOMx5LUFc4vjMAIP3s1TD26egkWMePfcbzXCkNByeBDfq0Ym%7ErcncDf3ecdDdy6ER%7Ea6BO5CUg7GRfACP%7EelOvQ0dXEFJ-F7gP0SaH2ngd4nqZeIubifNKGCqJyqnT1eXtrNTXaXr7QHReaPSFf3k3U%7EEUMC9SG9jXjlH5Eq%7ECCF5JjpqiroIz46ExbtQkAevSX076xyyTBFNs81k34FvMHWiIQOPTO3X045ym5luMkzMMaxH%7EcaJwQ-8Ec4zLVeDR0PvDNj37RgKyJZQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM dd0fdbf51cc5c938972b492aff3b9cd3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vacant Vandalized Pedestal of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. Description An account of the resource The statue of Confederate general Thomas Jackson, which had been placed on Monument Avenue in Richmond, the former capital of the Confederate States in 1919, was removed by the Richmond City Council on 1 July 2020. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/52257493@N00">Mobilus In Mobili</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_Ave_2.0_(50069235798).jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2 July 2020 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Monique Garcia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/83b66b0ed790d9a1cec7cbae21ff2c2e.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=taVs-VkC4Vlw0SjtB8rw7Bl7IykxRptVATo8OgU9EkErsHu6UlVeCs0ckND3N2fZ1YWTd7qoESdZ%7E-Tc69dt%7ELRGyDa0D2csAudtigYyPmuVWfl2fTmjrcRsZSldE%7Ej-WT8rs4yRJmcmdg%7EhtqkQ1Q1%7EoMRz49vk3ebJcoK753BSbAAOSP%7E2Rkbhoa4Ao26NH9BMkWgWAP8JG8mNhh8s9ARVLaXp-gigJLUsfi7bOTSmdTDEF8hCDSsJfJ-F7NXJbuglWDrR0I8K-tY3h1PwMX0M13OPiJOd%7E0Odz73Q65IaYABV-PWPRF9AZFX7Mp-TMKrx79wmWvmdDUtbGmddiQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 374fdde2f148462779a15d337584c94e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defaced Pedestal of Robert E. Lee. Description An account of the resource Robert E. Lee Monument as it stands on July 1, 2020 after being defaced during the protests over the murder of George Floyd. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mk17b Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Defaced-lee-statue-2020.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1 July 2020 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Steven Mang Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Rise and Fall of Monument Avenue Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Yuan Chiang, Art Hernandez, Melanie Vigil, Steven Mang, Monique Garcia, Sean Ghafourian, Max Bezanilla, and Kareem Khaled. Description An account of the resource This collection is on the history of Monument Avenue. Rather than focusing on each individual monument, this collection aims to present a holistic view of Monument Avenue's development and history. Monument Avenue is located in Richmond, Virginia and is an area embued with controversy due to its former status as the capital of the Confederacy. Richmond, Virgina is just 100 miles south of Washington DC. Following the secession of Virginia and the fall of Fort Sumter at the start of the Civil War, Richmond was designated the capitol of the Confederacy in 1861. The Civil War ended when the city fell to Union forces in April 1865 which signaled the end of the Confederate government as well as Robert E. Lee surrending his army at Appomattox Courthouse shortly after. While most government records were destoyed during the turmoil of evacuation along with a subsequent fire, the city has since become home to various monuments and museums remembering the Confederacy. Beggining with the dedication of the Robert E. Lee statue in 1890, and four additional monuments in the following decades, Monument Avenue quickly developed into the symbolic center of Richmond's Confederate past. Both beloved and despised by different communities of Richmond's diverse population, the battle over Monument Avenue's future continues as citizens debate the meaning and legacy of the Confederacy. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020, Fall 2021, and Fall 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virginia Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 4. Monument Removal 2020-2021 Description An account of the resource On May 25th, 2020, George Floyd was killed by former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin while under arrest for allegedly passing off a counterfeit twenty dollar bill at a convenience store. When the video of this white police officer killing the unarmed black man surfaced, anti-racist and anti-police brutality protests erupted in cities around the world. Led in large part by Black Lives Matter activists, demonstrations across the U.S. consisting of thousands of participants continued for nearly six months. Four days after the death of George Floyd, local protests began in Richmond, Virginia. As protestors filled the streets, Richmond’s numerous Confederate memorials and statues quickly became targets for defacement, as they served as symbols of the city’s history of white supremacy and systemic racism. Throughout the month of June, protestors successfully toppled four Confederate statues including General Williams Carter Wickman, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, the Howitzer Monument, and the First Virginia Regiment Monument, as well as, the statue of Christopher Columbus. Additionally, the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy, which has served as the national headquarters for the United Daughters of the Confederacy was set aflame. In response to the protest, on June 4, 2020, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam and Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney announced plans to remove the Robert E. Lee statue from Monument Avenue. The next day, the Richmond City Council unanimously voted to remove all Confederate statues within the city limits. Following two months of daily demonstrations, in early July the city of Richmond officially removed three Confederate monuments dedicated to J.E.B. Stuart, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, and Matthew Fontaine Maury, from their locations on Monument Avenue. The last statue to be removed from Monument Avenue was the Robert E. Lee monument. The Supreme Court ruled in September 2021 that the monument could be legally removed and it was finally dislodged and relocated on September 8, 2021. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Steven Mang ,Monique Garcia, and Kareem Khaled Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A: Fall 2020, Fall 20201, and Fall 2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virginia Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1. Burch, Audra D. S., Weiyi Cai, Gabriel Gianordoli, Morrigan McCarthy, and Jugal K. Patel. “How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America.” The New York Times. June 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/13/us/george-floyd-protests-cities-photos.html. 2. Duster, Chandelis. “Robert E. Lee Statue on Historic Virginia Street Removed.” CNN. Cable News Network, September 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/08/politics/robert-e-lee-statue-richmond-virginia-removal/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/08/politics/robert-e-lee-statue-richmond-virginia-removal/index.html</a>. 3. Levenson, Michael. “Protesters Topple Statue of Jefferson Davis on Richmond’s Monument Avenue.” The New York Times. June 11, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/us/Jefferson-Davis-Statue-Richmond.html 4. Robinson, Mark. “It’s unanimous: All nine Richmond City COuncil members back removal of Confederate monuments on Monument Avenue,” Richmond Times-Dispatch. June 5, 2020, <a href="https://richmond.com/news/local/its-unanimous-all-nine-richmond-city-council-members-back-removal-of-confederate-monuments-on-monument/article_a639a9e9-6757-5278-8da5-bf498241afb9.html">https://richmond.com/news/local/its-unanimous-all-nine-richmond-city-council-members-back-removal-of-confederate-monuments-on-monument/article_a639a9e9-6757-5278-8da5-bf498241afb9.html</a> 5. Wamsley, Laurel. “Judge Orders Richmond’s Robert E. Lee Statue Can Be Removed.” NPR. October 27. 2020,https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/10/27/925407770/judge-orders-richmonds-robert-e-lee-statue-can-be-removed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-2021 Language A language of the resource English 19th Century 20th Century Christopher Columbus CSA Leaders J.E.B. Stuart Jefferson Davis Matthew Maury Monument Avenue Protests Removed Richmond Robert E. Lee Sculpture Statues Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Virginia Williams Carter Wickman https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/54855/archive/files/543c52e9843881b55ba623e7775df1cf.jpg?Expires=1792627200&Signature=CMidSUYlDX%7EnIxDx6fj7o%7EH8lMZmvROA0lA%7EfEtRMkmuFkdSiB4hgxy-yRslPKbtxPCIRI7FFyTHnWYXh5ggL9wNH%7ET7YStXZvJQfpdEFp465oSGvddCpEiVwKHu6JMaKS0aCnj%7E9bJxL4HhXiWUPh1T1yI2hlR5T%7E%7E0KHmpbJpmgwDSxh0s1ubMugTzjhGE7LY8nkBQQseN06TSPLjrzaUJlq6-xzkTB7Q7zcbTbMPwLBXBUt3e2aa4sEU%7EWfV-D9L0h3mVR0EuErsSb0H7Re0hSGCXR7NBNbkIp1VBUx7Pw19Jr7Nqfs4Hczx4AF-VfDpugQqTxS380FaDMWQwjw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 20995385626f9f2e6809af1ccf915b21 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dedication of Thomas Stonewall Jackson Monument Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Holsinger Studio, Charlottesville, VA 1921 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Washington Post Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1921 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Mulcaire Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Description An account of the resource A photograph of the the large crowd attending the commemoration of the Stonewall Jackson monument in 1921 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charlottesville: Monumental Changes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Mulcaire, Sally Hy, Jacob Sandusky, Joey Baum, Julia Vargas, Sergio Sifuentes, Michael Westfall Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Charlottesville, Virginia Description An account of the resource Charlottesville is an important location when considering the controversial topic of removing Confederate monuments. In 2017 it was the site of the Unite the Right rally, which was a rally conducted by white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Klansmen among other white nationalist groups. These groups were protesting the removal of Confederate statues following the racially motivated 2015 Charleston church shooting. Among the monuments proposed for removal were statues of Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the statue popularly known as Johnny Reb in Charlottesville. Many other monuments across the United States came under increased criticism as well. The rally turned violent as protestors and counter-protestors clashed, leading to more than thirty injuries and one death at the hands of a self-proclaimed white supremacist. This had the opposite intended effect and led to many statues being removed from fear of continued violence in cities across the United States. Some statues, like the statue of Johnny Reb in Charlottesville, have been removed and relocated to places where they can be presented in a way that better explains their context in American history. Others, such as the Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson monuments in Charlottesville, are still being contested under Virginia state law prohibiting the removal of war memorials. This law went into effect after the statues were erected however, leading to court proceedings holding up their removal. Other monuments, like the Confederate Dead Memorial in the University of Virginia cemetery, have had no action taken against them, though it has been noted that its presence near an unmarked slave cemetery is problematic. This city alone demonstrates the different voices on both sides of the debate. Outcomes have included removal and relocation, contestation by state government, and in some instances, little action taken. The city of Charlottesville stands as a significant modern battleground over the controversial debate on the removal of Confederate monuments. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Monument, Charlottesville Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Charles Keck Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Erected: 1921 Removed: June 2021 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Mulcaire, Julia Vargas, Michael Westfall Relation A related resource Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sculpture Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HIST 402A Fall 2020-2023 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Charlottesville, Virginia Description An account of the resource “Thomas Jonathan Jackson” is an equestrian statue of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson located in Charlottesville Virginia. It was sculpted by Charles Keck as one of four monuments commissioned by Paul Goodloe McIntire from members of the National Sculpture Society, and it was erected in 1921 as a gift to the city of Charlottesville. Just like with the statue of Robert E. Lee nearby, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 as an important monument to the Confederacy. Stonewall Jackson was one of the best-known Confederate generals, behind Robert E. Lee, and he was born in what was at the time Virginia, making him an important figure in the state’s Confederate history. This statue came under fire in recent years and proposals were initiated to remove this statue, as well as the statue of Robert E. Lee. The removal of these monuments was blocked by Virginia’s state government under a law that protects war memorials, as well as the public outrage that led to events like the Unite the Right Rally in 2017. However, both of these statues were vandalized with graffiti reading 1619, the year that black slaves were first brought to North America, and damage was inflicted by chiseling portions of the statues in 2019. In 2020, the Virginia General Assembly changed a law that previously protected such monuments to now allow cities to remove or cover statues. After following the requirements of the new law, such as holding public hearings and offering the statues to historical institutions, the Charlottesville city council voted unanimously to remove the statues in June 2021. In the following month, the Robert E. Lee monument was removed with the Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson statue shortly after. The city of Charlottesville published a press release in September that offered the statues to entities interested in acquiring them. The deadline to apply was October 15, 2021, with offers being reviewed within 90 days thereafter. Since its removal in 2021, the statue was bought by LAXART for 50,000 dollars and is scheduled to be opened in an art display with other Confederate monuments that have been acquired in an exhibition in LA. Originally slated for 2023, the exhibition and the fate of the Confederate monuments in storage are still up in the air. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “104-0251 Thomas Jonathon Jackson Sculpture.” Virginia Department of Historic Resources website. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/104-0251/ Associated Press. “Charlottesville to Remove Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson Statues on Saturday.” WSLS. WSLS 10, July 9, 2021. https://www.wsls.com/news/virginia/2021/07/09/charlottesville-to-remove-robert-e-lee-stonewall-jackson-statues-on-saturday/. Bidgood, Jess, Matthew Bloch, Morrigan McCarthy, Liam Stack, and Wilson Andrews. “From 2017: Confederate Monuments are Coming Down Across the United States. Here’s A List.” The New York Times, August 28, 2017. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/16/us/confederate-monuments-removed.html “City Seeks Offers to Acquire Ownership of Confederate Statues.” Charlottesville, VA, September 22, 2021. https://www.charlottesville.gov/civicalerts.aspx?aid=839. Harte, Julia. “Charlottesville Removes Confederate Statue at Center of Deadly 2017 Protest.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, July 12, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/charlottesville-remove-confederate-statue-center-deadly-2017-protest-2021-07-10/. Stack, Liam. “Charlottesville Confederate Statues Are Protected by State Law, Judge Rules.” The New York Times, May 1, 2019. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/charlottesville-confederate-statues.html Bixby, Ginny. “Art or Ingots” Confederate Statues’ Fate Awaits.” The Daily Progress, July 9, 2022. Accessed November 12, 2023. https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/government-politics/art-or-ingots-confederate-statues-fates-await/article_04dd2860-fe62-11ec-96e0-f3c89672ffdc.html#:~:text=LAXART%20reimbursed%20the%20city%20of,said%20Hamza%20Walker%2C%20LAXART%20Director. 20th Century Charlottesville CSA Leaders National Register of Historic Places Sculpture Statues Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Virginia